Influenza A viruses remain infectious for more than seven months in northern wetlands of North America

In this investigation, we used a combination of field- and laboratory-based approaches to assess if influenza A viruses (IAVs) shed by ducks could remain viable for extended periods in surface water within three wetland complexes of North America. In a field experiment, replicate filtered surface water samples inoculated with duck swabs were tested for IAVs upon collection and again after an overwintering period of approximately 6–7 months. Numerous IAVs were molecularly detected and isolated from these samples, including replicates maintained at wetland field sites in Alaska and Minnesota for 181–229 days. In a parallel laboratory experiment, we attempted to culture IAVs from filtered surface water samples inoculated with duck swabs from Minnesota each month during September 2018–April 2019 and found monthly declines in viral viability. In an experimental challenge study, we found that IAVs maintained in filtered surface water within wetlands of Alaska and Minnesota for 214 and 226 days, respectively, were infectious in a mallard model. Collectively, our results support surface waters of northern wetlands as a biologically important medium in which IAVs may be both transmitted and maintained, potentially serving as an environmental reservoir for infectious IAVs during the overwintering period of migratory birds.

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Development and Validation of a Concentration Method for the Detection of Influenza A Viruses from Large Volumes of Surface Water

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02484-10 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 77 (11) ◽

pp. 3802-3808 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Nathalie Deboosere ◽

Srey Viseth Horm ◽

Anthony Pinon ◽

Jessica Gachet ◽

Chloé Coldefy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Lake Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Influenza A ◽

Detection Threshold ◽

Glass Wool ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

M Gene ◽

Infectious Dose ◽

Surface Water Samples

ABSTRACTContamination of lakes and ponds plays an essential role as a reservoir of avian influenza A virus (AIV) in the environment. A method to concentrate waterborne AIV is a prerequisite for the detection of virus present at low levels in water. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for the concentration and detection of infectious AIV from large volumes of surface water samples. Two filtration systems, glass wool and electropositive NanoCeram filter, were studied. The individual effects of filtration-elution and polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration parameters on the recovery efficiency of the H1N1 strain from 10-liter surface water samples were assessed. An ultimate 1% recovery rate of infectious viruses was achieved with the optimal protocol, corresponding to filtration through glass wool, followed by a viral elution step and then a PEG concentration. This method was validated for the detection of highly pathogenic H5N1 strains from artificially contaminated larger water volumes, from 10 to up to 50 liters, from different sources. The viral recovery efficiencies ranged from 0.01% to 7.89% and from 3.63% to 13.79% with lake water and rainwater, respectively. A theoretical detection threshold of 2.25 × 102TCID50(50% tissue culture infectious dose) in the filtered volume was obtained for seeded lake waters by M gene reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Moreover, the method was used successfully in field studies for the detection of naturally occurring influenza A viruses in lake water in France.

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Pharmaceuticals in the Yamaska River, Quebec, Canada

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.2007.026 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 231-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Viviane Yargeau ◽

Antonina Lopata ◽

Chris Metcalfe

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

North America ◽

Water Samples ◽

Pharmaceutically Active Compounds ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Basic Drug ◽

Active Compounds ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Agricultural Areas ◽

Surface Water Samples

Abstract Pharmaceutically active compounds have been detected in North America and Europe in groundwater, surface water, wastewater, and drinking water. In the province of Quebec in Canada, there has been little data to assess the occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment. In August of 2005, samples of surface water were collected at 10 sites along the Yamaska River basin in Quebec, which passes through important agricultural areas and receives wastewater from several urban centers with populations ranging up to 44,000 residents. Several acidic drugs (naproxen, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil), neutral drugs (caffeine, carbamazepine, cotinine), and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole were detected in the majority of the surface water samples. The antidepressant fluoxetine (neutral/basic drug) was not detected in any samples, while acetaminophen (acidic drug) was detected at only two sites, and sulfapyridine (sulfonamide antibiotic) was detected at only one site. Sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine were present at the highest maximum concentrations of 578 ng/L and 106 ng/L, respectively. The concentrations of most of the target pharmaceutically active compounds observed in surface water samples within the watershed were generally consistent with the number of people in urban centers near the sampling sites when compared with other studies in urban watersheds. However, carbamazepine, naproxen, and sulfamethoxazole were present at surprisingly high concentrations for some of the low density areas. Overall, these results demonstrate that pharmaceuticals are distributed in surface waters within a watershed in Quebec at concentrations similar to levels observed in previous studies done in other parts of North America.

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Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2006.049 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 47-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. Simazaki ◽

M. Asami ◽

T. Nishimura ◽

S. Kunikane ◽

T. Aizawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Raw Water ◽

Water Quality Standards ◽

Butyl Ether ◽

Water Treatment Plants ◽

Standard Value ◽

Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

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Development of Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with HPLC Method for the Removal and Detection of Griseofulvin in Surface Water

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17010134 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 134 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kamran Bashir ◽

Zhimin Luo ◽

Guoning Chen ◽

Hua Shu ◽

Xia Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽

Water Samples ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Molecularly Imprinted ◽

Imprinted Polymers ◽

Surface Water Samples

Griseofulvin (GSF) is clinically employed to treat fungal infections in humans and animals. GSF was detected in surface waters as a pharmaceutical pollutant. GSF detection as an anthropogenic pollutant is considered as a possible source of drug resistance and risk factor in ecosystem. To address this concern, a new extraction and enrichment method was developed. GSF-surface molecularly imprinted polymers (GSF-SMIPs) were prepared and applied as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbent. A dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) method was designed and combined with HPLC for the analysis of GSF in surface water samples. The performance of GSF-SMIPs was assessed for its potential to remove GSF from water samples. The factors affecting the removal efficiency such as sample pH and ionic strength were investigated and optimized. The DSPE conditions such as the amount of GSF-SMIPs, the extraction time, the type and volume of desorption solvents were also optimized. The established method is linear over the range of 0.1–100 µg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.03 µg/mL respectively. Good recoveries (91.6–98.8%) were achieved after DSPE. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were 0.8 and 4.3% respectively. The SMIPs demonstrated good removal efficiency (91.6%) as compared to powder activated carbon (67.7%). Moreover, the SMIPs can be reused 10 times for water samples. This is an additional advantage over single-use activated carbon and other commercial sorbents. This study provides a specific and sensitive method for the selective extraction and detection of GSF in surface water samples.

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