scholarly journals Molecular basis of host range variation in avian retroviruses.

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Dorner ◽  
J P Stoye ◽  
J M Coffin
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Range Variation

scholarly journals Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range amongSclerotiniaceaefungal plant pathogens

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Navaud ◽  
Adelin Barbacci ◽  
Andrew Taylor ◽  
John P. Clarkson ◽  
Sylvain Raffaele
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Diversification Rate ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Host Jump ◽  
Duplication Events ◽  
Range Variation

AbstractThe range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within theSclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events, and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite co-phylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in theSclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events, and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Consistent with previous reports on oomycete parasites, our findings suggest that host jump and radiation, possibly combined with low speciation rates, could associate with the emergence of generalist pathogens. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.

scholarly journals Molecular Basis of Symbiotic Promiscuity

2000 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Perret ◽  
Christian Staehelin ◽  
William J. Broughton
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria ◽  
Nitrogen Input ◽  
Narrow Host Range

SUMMARY Eukaryotes often form symbioses with microorganisms. Among these, associations between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are responsible for the nitrogen input into various ecological niches. Plants of many different families have evolved the capacity to develop root or stem nodules with diverse genera of soil bacteria. Of these, symbioses between legumes and rhizobia (Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Rhizobium) are the most important from an agricultural perspective. Nitrogen-fixing nodules arise when symbiotic rhizobia penetrate their hosts in a strictly controlled and coordinated manner. Molecular codes are exchanged between the symbionts in the rhizosphere to select compatible rhizobia from pathogens. Entry into the plant is restricted to bacteria that have the “keys” to a succession of legume “doors”. Some symbionts intimately associate with many different partners (and are thus promiscuous), while others are more selective and have a narrow host range. For historical reasons, narrow host range has been more intensively investigated than promiscuity. In our view, this has given a false impression of specificity in legume-Rhizobium associations. Rather, we suggest that restricted host ranges are limited to specific niches and represent specialization of widespread and more ancestral promiscuous symbioses. Here we analyze the molecular mechanisms governing symbiotic promiscuity in rhizobia and show that it is controlled by a number of molecular keys.

The Molecular Basis of Baculovirus Host Range

1997 ◽  
pp. 217-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois K. Miller ◽  
Albert Lu
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Molecular Basis

Morphological and Host Range Variation in the Heterodera Trifolii Complex

Nematologica ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannie Dede ◽  
P.W. Th Maas ◽  
Elly Du Bois
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Range Variation

scholarly journals Codon optimization underpins generalist parasitism in fungi

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Badet ◽  
Remi Peyraud ◽  
Malick Mbengue ◽  
Olivier Navaud ◽  
Mark Derbyshire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Codon Optimization ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Specialist Species ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fungal Kingdom ◽  
Range Variation

The range of hosts that parasites can infect is a key determinant of the emergence and spread of disease. Yet, the impact of host range variation on the evolution of parasite genomes remains unknown. Here, we show that codon optimization underlies genome adaptation in broad host range parasites. We found that the longer proteins encoded by broad host range fungi likely increase natural selection on codon optimization in these species. Accordingly, codon optimization correlates with host range across the fungal kingdom. At the species level, biased patterns of synonymous substitutions underpin increased codon optimization in a generalist but not a specialist fungal pathogen. Virulence genes were consistently enriched in highly codon-optimized genes of generalist but not specialist species. We conclude that codon optimization is related to the capacity of parasites to colonize multiple hosts. Our results link genome evolution and translational regulation to the long-term persistence of generalist parasitism.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of the Biocontrol Agent Coniothyrium minitans strain Conio (IMI 134523)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Patel ◽  
Taiwo A Shittu ◽  
Riccardo Baroncelli ◽  
Sreenivasaprasad Muthumeenakshi ◽  
Thomas H Osborne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Commercial Product ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
Formed Part

Coniothyrium minitans (synonym, Paraphaeosphaeria minitans) is a highly specific mycoparasite of the wide host range crop pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The capability of C. minitans to destroy the sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum has been well recognised and it is available as a widely used biocontrol product Contans® WG. We present the draft genome sequence of C. minitans strain Conio (IMI 134523), which has previously been used in extensive studies that formed part of a registration package of the commercial product. This work provides a distinctive resource for further research into the molecular basis of mycoparasitism to harness the biocontrol potential of C. minitans.

scholarly journals The Molecular Basis of Host Specialization in Bean Pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 877-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Baltrus ◽  
Marc T. Nishimura ◽  
Kevin M. Dougherty ◽  
Surojit Biswas ◽  
M. Shahid Mukhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Biotrophic phytopathogens are typically limited to their adapted host range. In recent decades, investigations have teased apart the general molecular basis of intraspecific variation for innate immunity of plants, typically involving receptor proteins that enable perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or avirulence elicitors from the pathogen as triggers for defense induction. However, general consensus concerning evolutionary and molecular factors that alter host range across closely related phytopathogen isolates has been more elusive. Here, through genome comparisons and genetic manipulations, we investigate the underlying mechanisms that structure host range across closely related strains of Pseudomonas syringae isolated from different legume hosts. Although type III secretion-independent virulence factors are conserved across these three strains, we find that the presence of two genes encoding type III effectors (hopC1 and hopM1) and the absence of another (avrB2) potentially contribute to host range differences between pathovars glycinea and phaseolicola. These findings reinforce the idea that a complex genetic basis underlies host range evolution in plant pathogens. This complexity is present even in host–microbe interactions featuring relatively little divergence among both hosts and their adapted pathogens.

scholarly journals The Split Personality of Beauveria bassiana: Understanding the Molecular Basis of Fungal Parasitism and Mutualism

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Almudena Ortiz-Urquiza
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Fungal Pathogenicity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Split Personality

Fungal pathogenicity toward insects has independently evolved several times, resulting in specialist and generalist pathogens, some of whom have maintained aspects of their previous lifestyles. Being able to grow as an endophyte (engaging in a mutualistic interaction with plants) or saprophyte (recycling nutrients back into the environment), the generalist (broad-host-range) fungus Beauveria bassiana does not need to rely on insect hosts to complete its life cycle.

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