Sialobiology of Influenza: Molecular Mechanism of Host Range Variation of Influenza Viruses

AbstractThe range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within theSclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events, and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite co-phylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in theSclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events, and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Consistent with previous reports on oomycete parasites, our findings suggest that host jump and radiation, possibly combined with low speciation rates, could associate with the emergence of generalist pathogens. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.

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A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11070620 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 620 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

T(homas). P. Peacock ◽

Joe James ◽

Joshua E. Sealy ◽

Munir Iqbal

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Host Range ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Zoonotic Infection ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Global Spread

H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential. H9N2 viruses are generally hyperendemic in affected countries and have been found in poultry in many new regions in recent years. In this review, we examine the current global spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, tropism, transmission routes and the risk posed by these viruses to human health.

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Morphological and Host Range Variation in the Heterodera Trifolii Complex

Nematologica ◽

10.1163/187529282x00295 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 263-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jannie Dede ◽

P.W. Th Maas ◽

Elly Du Bois

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Range Variation

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A27 Whole genome characterization of influenza D viruses detected in cattle herds in northern Italy between 2015 and 2017

Virus Evolution ◽

10.1093/ve/vez002.026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

A Bianco ◽

L Cavicchio ◽

A Fusaro ◽

G Rizzo ◽

A Milani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Northern Italy ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Broad Host Range ◽

Human Influenza ◽

Cattle Herds ◽

Pcr Targeting

Abstract Influenza D virus (IDV) is a new viral genus identified within the Orthomyxoviridae family, showing 50 per cent amino acid identity with human influenza C virus. Similar to human influenza viruses of the C genus, IDV also harbors 7 genomic segments and uses 9-O-acetylated sialic acids as cell receptors. This newly emerged virus exhibits a broad host range and is capable of infecting swine, cattle, sheep, goats, ferrets, and guinea pigs. In Italy, IDV was first detected in archived samples collected between 2014 and 2015 from cattle and swine in the Po Valley area. Here, we report the genetic characterization of IDV viruses detected in an extensive area of northern Italy, namely Veneto, Lombardy, and Piedmont, through passive surveillance between September 2015 and October 2017. A total of 482 samples, including nasal swabs, lungs, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, collected from 309 cattle farms were tested. Thirty cattle herds turned out to be positive, for a total of 40 samples positive by Real Time RT-PCR targeting the PB2 gene. Representative IDV positive swabs were sequenced on an Illumina Miseq platform, and phylogenetic analyses were performed for each genome segment. The analyses of the seven gene segments demonstrated that the viruses identified in the north of Italy clearly grouped within a genetic cluster of IDV sequences previously described in Italy and in the USA, thus suggesting a common origin for these viruses. Interestingly, the IDVs identified in Italy presented a low similarity (96.1% to 98.8% for the seven gene segments) to the French IDVs, which is the only other European country where this pathogen has been identified and characterized so far. The wide IDV host range and the ability of this virus to reassort are a matter of concern. Results of this study indicate that IDV is extensively circulating among bovine herds in Northern Italy and suggest a potential role of IDV in the bovine respiratory disease complex, highlighting the need to perform surveillance on an ongoing basis to track its spread and evolution.

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Molecular Basis of Replication of Duck H5N1 Influenza Viruses in a Mammalian Mouse Model

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.79.18.12058-12064.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (18) ◽

pp. 12058-12064 ◽

Cited By ~ 398

Author(s):

Zejun Li ◽

Hualan Chen ◽

Peirong Jiao ◽

Guohua Deng ◽

Guobin Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Host Range ◽

Reverse Genetics ◽

Southern China ◽

Single Gene ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Single Amino Acid ◽

Species Barrier ◽

H5n1 Influenza ◽

The One

ABSTRACT We recently analyzed a series of H5N1 viruses isolated from healthy ducks in southern China since 1999 and found that these viruses had progressively acquired the ability to replicate and cause disease in mice. In the present study, we explored the genetic basis of this change in host range by comparing two of the viruses that are genetically similar but differ in their ability to infect mice and have different pathogenicity in mice. A/duck/Guangxi/22/2001 (DKGX/22) is nonpathogenic in mice, whereas A/duck/Guangxi/35/2001 (DKGX/35) is highly pathogenic. We used reverse genetics to create a series of single-gene recombinants that contained one gene from DKGX/22 and the remaining seven gene segments from DKGX/35. We find that the PA, NA, and NS genes of DKGX/22 could attenuate DKGX/35 virus to some extent, but PB2 of DKGX/22 virus attenuated the DKGX/35 virus dramatically, and an Asn-to-Asp substitution at position 701 of PB2 plays a key role in this function. Conversely, of the recombinant viruses in the DKGX/22 background, only the one that contains the PB2 gene of DKGX/35 was able to replicate in mice. A single amino acid substitution (Asp to Asn) at position 701 of PB2 enabled DKGX/22 to infect and become lethal for mice. These results demonstrate that amino acid Asn 701 of PB2 is one of the important determinants for this avian influenza virus to cross the host species barrier and infect mice, though the replication and lethality of H5N1 influenza viruses involve multiple genes and may result from a constellation of genes. Our findings may help to explain the expansion of the host range and lethality of the H5N1 influenza viruses to humans.

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Molecular mechanism of the enhanced viral fitness contributed by secondary mutations in the hemagglutinin protein of oseltamivir resistant H1N1 influenza viruses: Modeling studies of antibody and receptor binding

Gene ◽

10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 557 (1) ◽

pp. 19-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Abhisek Kumar Behera ◽

Sushmita Basu ◽

Sarah S. Cherian

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Receptor Binding ◽

H1n1 Influenza ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Viral Fitness ◽

Modeling Studies ◽

Hemagglutinin Protein

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Codon optimization underpins generalist parasitism in fungi

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.22472 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Thomas Badet ◽

Remi Peyraud ◽

Malick Mbengue ◽

Olivier Navaud ◽

Mark Derbyshire ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Translational Regulation ◽

Codon Optimization ◽

Broad Host Range ◽

Pathogen Virulence ◽

Specialist Species ◽

The Impact ◽

Fungal Kingdom ◽

Range Variation

The range of hosts that parasites can infect is a key determinant of the emergence and spread of disease. Yet, the impact of host range variation on the evolution of parasite genomes remains unknown. Here, we show that codon optimization underlies genome adaptation in broad host range parasites. We found that the longer proteins encoded by broad host range fungi likely increase natural selection on codon optimization in these species. Accordingly, codon optimization correlates with host range across the fungal kingdom. At the species level, biased patterns of synonymous substitutions underpin increased codon optimization in a generalist but not a specialist fungal pathogen. Virulence genes were consistently enriched in highly codon-optimized genes of generalist but not specialist species. We conclude that codon optimization is related to the capacity of parasites to colonize multiple hosts. Our results link genome evolution and translational regulation to the long-term persistence of generalist parasitism.

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