scholarly journals Independent Isolates of the Emerging Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Derive from a Common Ancestor

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 10301-10304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. Benson ◽  
Brian L. Ruis ◽  
Amy L. Garbers ◽  
Aly M. Fadly ◽  
Kathleen F. Conklin
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Avian Leukosis Virus ◽  
Endogenous Virus ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subgroup J ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT A new subgroup of avian leukosis virus (ALV) that includes a uniqueenv gene, designated J, was identified recently in England. Sequence analysis of prototype English isolate HPRS-103 revealed several other unique genetic characteristics of this strain and provided information that it arose by recombination between exogenous and endogenous virus sequences. In the past several years, ALV J type viruses (ALV-J) have been isolated from broiler breeder flocks in the United States. We were interested in determining the relationship between the U.S. and English isolates of ALV-J. Based on sequence data from two independently derived U.S. field isolates, we conclude that the U.S. and English isolates of ALV-J derive from a common ancestor and are not the result of independent recombination events.

Relationship Between Second Life and the U.S. Economy

2010 ◽  
pp. 82-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemarie Reynolds ◽  
Yusuke Ishikawa ◽  
Amanda Macchiarella
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Second Life is a virtual world designed to be a free, laissez-faire market economy in which Linden Dollars are used to buy and sell goods and services. This study investigated the relationship between the economies of Second Life and the United States, using financial data collected from Linden Lab and the Federal Reserve. Partial correlation analyses were computed between two pairs of economic measures, and our results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the two economies.

scholarly journals Does wage reflect labor productivity? A comparison between Brazil and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRE GORI MAIA ◽  
ARTHUR SAKAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Economic Cycles ◽  
Productivity Differentials ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT The study compares the relationship between wages and labor productivity for different categories of workers in Brazil and in the U.S. Analyses highlight to what extent the equilibrium between wages and productivity is related to the degree of economic development. Wages in the U.S. has shown to be more attached to labor productivity, while Brazil has experienced several economic cycles were average earnings grew initially much faster than labor productivity, suddenly falling down in the subsequent years. Analyses also stress how wage differentials, in fact, match productivity differentials for certain occupational groups, while for others they do not.

Rethinking the Relationship Between Public Regulation and Private Litigation: Evidence from Securities Class Action in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-361
Author(s):  
Robin Hui Huang
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Securities Law ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Public And Private Enforcement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Abstract China has a civil procedure for collective litigation, which is dubbed Chinese-style class action, as it differs from the U.S.-style class action in some important ways. Using securities class action as a case study, this Article empirically examines both the quantity and quality of reported cases in China. It shows that the number of cases is much lower than expected, but the percentage of recovery is significantly higher than that in the United States. Based on this, the Article casts doubt on the popular belief that China should adopt the U.S.-style class action, and sheds light on the much-debated issue concerning the relationship between public and private enforcement of securities law. The Article also discusses the future prospects of securities class action in China in light of some recent developments which may provide its functional equivalents, including the regulator-brokered compensation fund and public interest group litigation.

When Church and State go Abroad

Worldview ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
James A. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Third World ◽  
Church And State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

A number of church activities in the United States and in various Third World nations bring issues involving the separation of Church and State once again to the fore. Certainly any serious inquiry into the relationship of the U.S. Government and American missionary groups abroad—particularly with regard to the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—must first consider the historical record. Only after a thorough examination of the inconsistencies and constradictions between theory and practice over the nation's more than two hundred-year history can one hope to assess present policies. This, then, is just such an historical overview.

With a Little Help from my Friends

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Victoria Murillo ◽  
Andrew Schrank
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Why did Latin American governments adopt potentially costly, union-friendly labor reforms in the cost-sensitive 1980s and 1990s? The authors answer the question by exploring the relationship between trade unions and two of their most important allies: labor-backed parties at home and labor rights activists overseas. While labor-backed parties in Latin America have locked in the support of their core constituencies by adopting relatively union-friendly labor laws in an otherwise uncertain political and economic environment, labor rights activists in the United States have demonstrated their support for their Latin American allies by asking the U.S. government to treat the protection of labor rights as the price of access to the U.S. market. The former trajectory is the norm in traditionally labor-mobilizing polities, where industrialization encouraged the growth of labor-backed parties in the postwar era; the latter is more common in more labor-repressive environments, where vulnerable unions tend to look for allies overseas.

E-Commerce and Sales Taxes in the United States

2008 ◽  
pp. 247-267
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Reddick
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Access Management ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Contentious Issue ◽  
System A ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This article examines the relationship between electronic commerce and the U.S. state sales and use tax system. A framework is used in this study of a high-quality tax system and it is applied to taxing electronic commerce sales. The first part of this article analyzed nine principles of an effective tax system, and divided these principles into the categories of adequacy of revenue, fairness of revenue, and management of revenue. In the second part of this article, these principles are tested to determine what impact electronic commerce taxation has on an effective revenue system. The results of these initial tests suggest that taxation of electronic commerce was associated with fairness in the tax system. In particular, the results suggested that states that had fairer tax systems were more likely to rely less on a sales tax and more on taxing Internet access. Management and adequacy of the revenue systems of states were not found to have a significant bearing on taxing electronic commerce. These results reinforce the existing public finance and legal theories which argue that the sales tax is not a fair revenue stream, and it should be re-evaluated especially in light of the contentious issue of taxing electronic commerce.

Introduction to Faith in State Legislatures

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Change ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This chapter introduces the complex history of the founding of America. Colonization of the United States was fueled by European upheaval unleashed by the Protestant Reformation. Religion in part gave birth to the United States. However, keeping religion out of government is a central question inherent in the history and culture of the U.S. The relationship among faith, politics, and culture is explored and contributes to either the support of or opposition to social change in state legislatures.

First Americans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Grillot
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tribal Sovereignty ◽  
World War ◽  
Native American Identity ◽  
Native American Tribes ◽  
First Americans ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This book depicts a forgotten history that explores how army veterans returning to reservation life after World War I transformed Native American identity. Drawing from archival sources and oral histories, the book demonstrates how the relationship between Native American tribes and the United States was reinvented in the years following World War I. During that conflict, 12,000 Native American soldiers served in the U.S. Army. They returned home to their reservations with newfound patriotism, leveraging their veteran cachet for political power and claiming all the benefits of citizenship—even supporting the termination policy that ended the U.S. government's recognition of tribal sovereignty.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document