scholarly journals Newcastle Disease Virus V Protein Is Associated with Viral Pathogenesis and Functions as an Alpha Interferon Antagonist

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (16) ◽  
pp. 8676-8685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuhui Huang ◽  
Sateesh Krishnamurthy ◽  
Aruna Panda ◽  
Siba K. Samal
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Parental Virus ◽  
V Protein ◽  
Inhibitory Function ◽  
P Gene ◽  
Carboxyl Terminal

ABSTRACT Newcastle disease virus (NDV) edits its P gene by inserting one or two G residues at the conserved editing site (UUUUUCCC, genome sense) and transcribes the P mRNA (unedited), the V mRNA (with a +1 frameshift), and the W mRNA (with a +2 frameshift). All three proteins are amino coterminal but vary at their carboxyl terminus in length and amino acid composition. Little is known about the role of the V and W proteins in NDV replication and pathogenesis. We have constructed and recovered two recombinant viruses in which the expression of the V or both the V and W proteins has been abolished. Compared to the parental virus, the mutant viruses showed impaired growth in cell cultures, except in Vero cells. However, transient expression of the carboxyl-terminal portion of the V protein enhanced the growth of the mutant viruses. In embryonated chicken eggs, the parental virus grew to high titers in embryos of different gestational ages, whereas the mutant viruses showed an age-dependent phenomenon, growing to lower titer in more-developed embryos. An interferon (IFN) sensitivity assay showed that the parental virus was more resistant to the antiviral effect of IFN than the mutant viruses. Moreover, infection with the parental virus resulted in STAT1 protein degradation, but not with the mutant viruses. These findings indicate that the V protein of NDV possesses the ability to inhibit alpha IFN and that the IFN inhibitory function lies in the carboxyl-terminal domain. Pathogenicity studies showed that the V protein of NDV significantly contributes to the virus virulence.

scholarly journals The P gene of Newcastle disease virus does not encode an accessory X protein

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 2375-2378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Peeters ◽  
Paul Verbruggen ◽  
Frank Nelissen ◽  
Olav de Leeuw
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
X Protein ◽  
V Protein ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
P Gene ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Gene Mrna

Many paramyxoviruses encode non-essential accessory proteins that are involved in the regulation of virus replication and inhibition of cellular antiviral responses. It has been suggested that the P gene mRNA of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) encodes an accessory protein – the so-called X protein – by translation initiation at a conserved in-frame AUG codon at position 120. Using a monoclonal antibody that specifically detected the P and X proteins, it was shown that an accessory X protein was not expressed in NDV-infected cells. Recombinant NDV strains in which the AUG was changed into a GCC (Ala) or GUC (Val) codon were viable but showed a reduction in virulence, probably because the amino acid change affected the function of the P and/or V protein.

scholarly journals Mechanisms and consequences of Newcastle disease virus W protein subcellular localization in the nucleus or mitochondria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanling Yang ◽  
Jia Xue ◽  
Qingyuan Teng ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
Yawen Bu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Nuclear Export ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
V Protein ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
P Gene

We previously demonstrated that W proteins from different Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains localize in either the cytoplasm (e.g., NDV strain SG10) or the nucleus (e.g., NDV strain La Sota). To clarify the mechanism behind these cell localization differences, we overexpressed W protein derived from four different NDV strains or W protein associated with different cellular regions in Vero cells. This revealed that the key region for determining W protein localization is 180–227aa. Further experiments found that there is a nuclear export signal (NES) motif in W protein 211–224aa. W protein could be transported into the nucleus via interaction with KPNA1, KPNA2, and KPNA6 in a nuclear localization signal-dependent manner, and W protein containing an NES was transported back to the cytoplasm in a CRM1-independent manner. Interestingly, we observed that the cytoplasm-localized W protein colocalizes with mitochondria. We rescued the NES-deletion W protein NDV strain rSG10-ΔWC/WΔNES using an NDV reverse genetics system and found that the replication ability, virulence, and pathogenicity of an NDV strain were all higher when the W protein cellular localization was in the nucleus rather than the mitochondria. Further experiments revealed that W protein nuclear localization reduced the expression of IFN-β otherwise stimulated by NDV. Our research reveals the mechanism by which NDV W protein becomes localized to different parts of the cell and demonstrates the outcomes of nuclear or cytoplasmic localization both in vitro and in vivo, laying a foundation for subsequent functional studies of the W protein in NDV and other paramyxoviruses. IMPORTANCE In Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the W protein, like the V protein, is a nonstructural protein encoded by the P gene via RNA editing. Compared with V protein, W protein has a common N-terminal domain but a unique C-terminal domain. V protein is known as a key virulence factor and an important interferon antagonist across the family Paramyxoviridae. In contrast, very little is known about the function of NDV W protein, and this limited information is based on studies of the Nipah virus W protein. Here, we investigated the localization mechanism of NDV W protein and its subcellular distribution in mitochondria. We found that W protein localization differences impact IFN-β production, consequently affecting NDV virulence, replication, and pathogenicity. This work provides new insights on the differential localization mechanism of NDV W proteins, along with fundamental knowledge for understanding the functions of W proteins in NDV and other paramyxoviruses.

scholarly journals Production of Newcastle Disease Virus by Vero Cells Grown on Cytodex 1 Microcarriers in a 2-Litre Stirred Tank Bioreactor

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Azmir Arifin ◽  
Maizirwan Mel ◽  
Mohamed Ismail Abdul Karim ◽  
Aini Ideris
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Stirred Tank Bioreactor ◽  
Maximum Cell

The aim of this study is to prepare a model for the production of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) lentogenic F strain using cell culture in bioreactor for live attenuated vaccine preparation. In this study, firstly we investigated the growth of Vero cells in several culture media. The maximum cell number was yielded by culture of Vero cells in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) which was1.93×106 cells/ml. Secondly Vero cells were grown in two-litre stirred tank bioreactor by using several commercial microcarriers. We achieved the maximum cell concentration about7.95×105 cells/ml when using Cytodex 1. Later we produced Newcastle Disease virus in stirred tank bioreactor based on the design developed using Taguchi L4 method. Results reveal that higher multiplicity of infection (MOI) and size of cell inoculums can yield higher virus titer. Finally, virus samples were purified using high-speed centrifugation based on3∗∗(3-1) Fractional Factorial Design. Statistical analysis showed that the maximum virus titer can be achieved at virus sample concentration of 58.45% (v/v), centrifugation speed of 13729 rpm, and centrifugation time of 4 hours. As a conclusion, high yield of virus titer could be achieved through optimization of cell culture in bioreactor and separation by high-speed centrifugation.

Newcastle Disease Virus V protein interacts with hnRNP H1 to promote viral replication

2021 ◽  
pp. 109093
Author(s):  
Lina Tong ◽  
Zhili Chu ◽  
Xiaolong Gao ◽  
Mengqing Yang ◽  
Fathalrhman Eisa A. Adam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
V Protein

scholarly journals Effect of interferon on the development of Trypanosoma cruzi in tissue culture "Vero" cells

1980 ◽  
Vol 75 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Golgher ◽  
M. S. M. Bertelli ◽  
M. L. Petrillo-Peixoto ◽  
Z. Brener
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Amniotic Cells

Results are presented on the effects of interferon on the intracellular stages of T. cruzi in tissue culture "Vero" cells. Interferon was obtained by infecting monolayers of human amniotic cells with inactivated Newcastle disease virus. Interferon has not affected the cell infection by T. cruzi culture infective stages and neither has it prevented the transformation of amastigote into trypomastigote stages.

scholarly journals Type I Interferon-Sensitive Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus for Oncolytic Virotherapy

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 3835-3844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subbiah Elankumaran ◽  
Vrushali Chavan ◽  
Dan Qiao ◽  
Raghunath Shobana ◽  
Gopakumar Moorkanat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
V Protein ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Normal Human Cells ◽  
Tumor Selective

ABSTRACT Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, is tumor selective and intrinsically oncolytic because of its potent ability to induce apoptosis. Several studies have demonstrated that NDV is selectively cytotoxic to tumor cells but not normal cells due to defects in the interferon (IFN) antiviral responses of tumor cells. Many naturally occurring strains of NDV have an intact IFN-antagonistic function and can still replicate in normal human cells. To avoid potential toxicity issues with NDV, especially in cancer patients with immunosuppression, safe NDV-oncolytic vectors are needed. We compared the cell killing abilities of (i) a recombinant NDV (rNDV) strain, Beaudette C, containing an IFN-antagonistic, wild-type V protein (rBC), (ii) an isogenic recombinant virus with a mutant V protein (rBC-Edit virus) that induces increased IFN in infected cells and whose replication is restricted in normal human cells, and (iii) a recombinant LaSota virus with a virulent F protein cleavage site that is as interferon sensitive as rBC-Edit virus (LaSota V.F. virus). Our results indicated that the tumor-selective replication of rNDV is determined by the differential regulation of IFN-α and downstream antiviral genes induced by IFN-α, especially through the IRF-7 pathway. In a nude mouse model of human fibrosarcoma, we show that the IFN-sensitive NDV variants are as effective as IFN-resistant rBC virus in clearing the tumor burden. In addition, mice treated with rNDV exhibited no signs of toxicity to the viruses. These findings indicate that augmentation of innate immune responses by NDV results in selective oncolysis and offer a novel and safe virotherapy platform.

scholarly journals Newcastle Disease Virus V Protein Is a Determinant of Host Range Restriction

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (17) ◽  
pp. 9522-9532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man-Seong Park ◽  
Adolfo García-Sastre ◽  
Jerome F. Cros ◽  
Christopher F. Basler ◽  
Peter Palese
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Range Restriction ◽  
V Protein ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Host Range Restriction ◽  
Embryonated Chicken

ABSTRACT It has been demonstrated that the V protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) functions as an alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) antagonist (M. S. Park, M. L. Shaw, J. Muñoz-Jordan, J. F. Cros, T. Nakaya, N. Bouvier, P. Palese, A. García-Sastre, and C. F. Basler, J. Virol. 77:1501-1511, 2003). We now show that the NDV V protein plays an important role in host range restriction. In order to study V functions in vivo, recombinant NDV (rNDV) mutants, defective in the expression of the V protein, were generated. These rNDV mutants grow poorly in both embryonated chicken eggs and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) compared to the wild-type (wt) rNDV. However, insertion of the NS1 gene of influenza virus A/PR8/34 into the NDV V(−) genome [rNDV V(−)/NS1] restores impaired growth to wt levels in embryonated chicken eggs and CEFs. These data indicate that for viruses infecting avian cells, the NDV V protein and the influenza NS1 protein are functionally interchangeable, even though there are no sequence similarities between the two proteins. Interestingly, in human cells, the titer of wt rNDV is 10 times lower than that of rNDV V(−)/NS1. Correspondingly, the level of IFN secreted by human cells infected with wt rNDV is much higher than that secreted by cells infected with the NS1-expressing rNDV. This suggests that the IFN antagonist activity of the NDV V protein is species specific. Finally, the NDV V protein plays an important role in preventing apoptosis in a species-specific manner. The rNDV defective in V induces apoptotic cell death more rapidly in CEFs than does wt rNDV. Taken together, these data suggest that the host range of NDV is limited by the ability of its V protein to efficiently prevent innate host defenses, such as the IFN response and apoptosis.

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