scholarly journals A Phylogenetic and Functional Perspective on Volatile Organic Compound Production byActinobacteria

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallory Choudoir ◽  
Sam Rossabi ◽  
Matthew Gebert ◽  
Detlev Helmig ◽  
Noah Fierer
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Volatile Organic

ABSTRACTSoil microbes produce an immense diversity of metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can shape the structure and function of microbial communities. VOCs mediate a multitude of microbe-microbe interactions, including antagonism. Despite their importance, the diversity and functional relevance of most microbial volatiles remain uncharacterized. We assembled a taxonomically diverse collection of 48Actinobacteriaisolated from soil and airborne dust and surveyed the VOCs produced by these strains on two different medium typesin vitrousing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We detected 126 distinct VOCs and structurally identified approximately 20% of these compounds, which were predominately C1to C5hetero-VOCs, including (oxygenated) alcohols, ketones, esters, and nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds. Each strain produced a unique VOC profile. While the most common VOCs were likely by-products of primary metabolism, most of the VOCs were strain specific. We observed a strong taxonomic and phylogenetic signal for VOC profiles, suggesting their role in finer-scale patterns of ecological diversity. Finally, we investigated the functional potential of these VOCs by assessing their effects on growth rates of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic pseudomonad strains. We identified sets of VOCs that correlated with growth inhibition and stimulation, information that may facilitate the development of microbial VOC-based pathogen control strategies.IMPORTANCESoil microbes produce a diverse array of natural products, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Volatile compounds are important molecules in soil habitats, where they mediate interactions between bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, and animals. We measured the VOCs produced by a broad diversity of soil- and dust-dwellingActinobacteria in vitro. We detected a total of 126 unique volatile compounds, and each strain produced a unique combination of VOCs. While some of the compounds were produced by many strains, most were strain specific. Importantly, VOC profiles were more similar between closely related strains, indicating that evolutionary and ecological processes generate predictable patterns of VOC production. Finally, we observed that actinobacterial VOCs had both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the growth of bacteria that represent a plant-beneficial symbiont and a plant-pathogenic strain, information that may lead to the development of novel strategies for plant disease prevention.

scholarly journals Enhancement of In Vitro Production of Volatile Organic Compounds by Shoot Differentiation in Artemisia spicigera

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Saeedeh Ghorbani ◽  
Morteza Kosari-Nasab ◽  
Sepideh Mahjouri ◽  
Amir Hossein Talebpour ◽  
Ali Movafeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Shoot Primordia ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Callus Initiation ◽  
Regenerated Plantlets

Callus initiation, shoot formation and plant regeneration were established for Artemisia spicigera, a traditional medicinal plant growing in Armenia, Middle-Anatolia and Iran, and producing valuable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are mostly represented by monoterpenoids. Optimal callus initiation and shoot production were obtained by culture of hypocotyl and cotyledon explants on MS medium comprising 0.5 mg L−1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA). Consequently, the shoots were transferred onto the MS media supplemented with 1 mg L−1 of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or 1 mg L−1 of NAA. Both types of auxin induced root formation on the shoots and the resulting plantlets were successfully grown in pots. The production of VOCs in callus tissues and regenerated plantlets was studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Although the potential of undifferentiated callus to produce VOCs was very low, an increased content of bioactive volatile components was observed at the beginning of shoot primordia differentiation. Intriguingly, the volatiles obtained from in vitro plantlets showed quantitative and qualitative variation depending on the type of auxins used for the rooting process. The acquired quantities based on total ion current (TIC) showed that the regenerated plantlets using 1 mg L−1 NAA produced higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as camphor (30.29%), cis-thujone (7.07%), and 1,8-cineole (6.71%) and sesquiterpene derivatives, namely germacrene D (8.75%), bicyclogermacrene (4.0%) and spathulenol (1.49%) compared with the intact plant. According to these findings, in vitro generation of volatile organic compounds in A. spicigera depends on the developmental stages of tissues and may enhance with the formation of shoot primordia and regeneration of plantlets.

scholarly journals Method for characterization of volatile organic compounds in the diet of Centris analis (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Centridini) immatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e5069108880
Author(s):  
Paulo Herbesson Pereira de Sousa ◽  
Cláudia Inês da Silva ◽  
Breno Magalhães Freitas ◽  
Tigressa Helena Rodrigues Soares ◽  
Isac Gabriel Abrahao Bomfim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Organic

This study tested three types of Solid-Phase Microextraction fibers in developing a method to extract volatile organic compounds present in the diet of immature Centris analis. Samples were placed in glass vials with metal lids and added with 3g NaCl and 8 ml deionized water. Extraction and characterization were carried out using a Headspace – Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) with Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry, and the three types of fibers were polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), divinylbenzene/ carboxen/ polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) and carboxen/ polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS). Each type of fiber was exposed to volatiles for 30 min and analyzed in a chromatograph Agilent GC-MS equipped with a quadrupole detector (MSD 5977A), containing a HP-5MS (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 µm) column and Helium as the carrier gas (1 ml.min-1). The CAR / PDMS fiber favored the extraction of volatile compounds to semi-volatile compounds, followed by DVB / CAR / PDMS, while PDMS presented a lower number of extracted compounds, which can be attributed to its apolar nature. The volatile compounds identified in the diet included alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, and terpenes. The SPME technique has proven effective in the extraction of volatile organic compounds from immature of Centris analis diet, being the CAR/PDMS the most suitable fiber for this.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of three different pathogenic microorganisms by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najmeh Karami ◽  
Fateme Mirzajani ◽  
Hassan Rezadoost ◽  
Abdollah Karimi ◽  
Fatemeh Fallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Diagnoses  of  respiratory  tract  infections  usually happen  in  the  late  phase  of  the  disease  and  usually  result  in  reduction  of  the  pathogen  load after broad-spectrum  antibiotic  therapy,  but  not  in eradication of the pathogen.  The  development  of a  non-invasive,  fast,  and  accurate  method  to  detect  pathogens  has  always  been  of  interest  to  researchers  and  clinicians  alike.  Previous studies have shown that bacteria produce organic gases.  The  current  study  aimed  to  identify  the  volatile  organic  compounds  (VOCs)  produced  by three  respiratory  tract  pathogens,  including  Staphylococcus  aureus,  Escherichia  coli  and  Candida  albicans. Methods: The  volatile  organic  compounds  (VOCs)  produced  were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC-MS), with  prior  collection  of  microbial  volatile  compounds  using  solid  phase  microextraction  (SPME)  fiber.  The volatile compounds were collected by obtaining bacterial headspace samples. Results: Results  showed  that  these  three  organisms  have  various  VOCs,  which  were  analyzed  under  different  conditions.  By ignoring common VOCs, some species-specific VOCs could be detected.  The most important VOC of E. coli was Indole, also some important VOCs produced by S. aureus  were 2,3-Pentandione,  cis-Dihydro-α-terpinyl  acetate,  1-Decyne,  1,3-Heptadiene-3-yne,  2,5-dimethyl  Pyrazine,  Ethyl  butanoate  and  Cyclohexene,4-ethenyl  furthermore,  most  of  identified  compounds  by  C.  albicans are  alcohols. Conclusions: The  detection  of  VOCs  produced  by  infectious  agents  maybe  the  key  to  make   a  rapid  and  precise  diagnosis  of  infection,  but  more  comprehensive  studies  must  be  conducted  in this  regard.

scholarly journals Análise comparativa do perfil de compostos voláteis pela técnica de HS-SPME em amostras comerciais de chá verde e avaliação do efeito da infusão e da adição de sal

ForScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e00769
Author(s):  
Priscila Ferreira de Sales ◽  
Lidiany Mendonça Zacaroni Lima
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Processing Steps

A qualidade sensorial do chá está relacionada com a presença de voláteis que são formados nas etapas do processamento, assim o objetivo desse trabalho consistiu em investigar o perfil de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis (COV´s) em amostras de chá comerciais com menta (amostra 1) e sem menta (amostras 2 e 3), por meio do emprego da técnica de microextração em fase sólida (SPME) e detecção por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-MS). As amostras foram submetidas ao tratamento por infusão, sendo avaliado o efeito da adição de sal (NaCl) para a extração dos compostos. As amostras exibiram uma alta complexidade, sendo detectados aproximadamente 68 compostos.  Empregando o reconhecimento de padrões, o qual envolveu os algoritmos de PCA e HCA, verificou-se que a amostra 1 se diferiu das demais por apresentar picos comuns com maior intensidade e por possuir compostos orgânicos voláteis característicos da referida amostra. Os resultados também permitiram inferir que o efeito dos tratamentos foi mais expressivo nessa amostra, visto que o processo de infusão atuou na diminuição dos compostos voláteis detectados pela técnica. A adição de sal favoreceu a extração dos analitos, em que se verificou que as amostras em infusão com NaCl apresentaram maior similaridade com aquelas na forma comercial. A mesma tendência foi observada nas amostras submetidas aos tratamentos. Palavras-chave: Cromatografia. Extração de analitos. Qualidade sensorial.   Comparative analysis of the profile of volatile compounds by HS-SPME in commercial samples of green tea and assessing the effect of infusion and addition salt Abstract As the sensory quality of the tea is related to the presence of volatile compounds that are formed in the processing steps, the objective of this work was to investigate the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in commercial mint tea samples (sample 1) and without mint (samples 2 and 3) through the use of microextraction technique of solid phase extraction (SPME) and detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples were subjected to treatment by infusion, being evaluated the effect of the addition of salt (NaCl) for the extraction of compounds. The samples exhibited a high complexity, about 68 compounds were detected. Employing the pattern recognition algorithms which involved PCA and HCA, it was found that sample 1 is differed from the others because it presents common peaks with greater intensity and having volatile organic compounds characteristic of said sample. The results also possible to infer that the treatment effect was more significant in this sample, because the infusion process worked at reduction of volatile compounds. Adding salt favored the extraction of analytes in which it was found that the samples infused with NaCl were similar to those in commercial form. The same trend was observed in all the samples submitted to treatments. Keywords: Chromatography. Extraction of analytes. Sensory quality.

scholarly journals Combination of Sensory, Chromatographic, and Chemometrics Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds for the Discrimination of Authentic and Unauthentic Harumanis Mangoes

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Zakaria ◽  
Norashikin Saim ◽  
Rozita Osman ◽  
Zaibunnisa Abdul Haiyee ◽  
Hafizan Juahir
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Clustering Analysis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Sensory Analyses ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Different Sources

This study analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of three mango varieties (Harumanis, Tong Dam and Susu) for the discrimination of authentic Harumanis from other mangoes. The VOCs of these mangoes were extracted and analysed nondestructively using Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Prior to the analytical method, two simple sensory analyses were carried out to assess the ability of the consumers to differentiate between the Harumanis and Tong Dam mangoes as well as their preferences towards these mangoes. On the other hand, chemometrics techniques, such as principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and discriminant analysis (DA), were used to visualise grouping tendencies of the volatile compounds detected. These techniques were successful in identifying the grouping tendencies of the mango samples according to the presence of their respective volatile compounds, thus enabling the identification of the groups of substances responsible for the discrimination between the authentic and unauthentic Harumanis mangoes. In addition, three ocimene compounds, namely beta-ocimene, trans beta-ocimene, and allo-ocimene, can be considered as chemical markers of the Harumanis mango, as these compounds exist in all Harumanis mango, regardless the different sources of the mangoes obtained.

scholarly journals Volatile metabolites of willows determining host discrimination by adult Plagiodera versicolora

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahao Ling ◽  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
Guo Yang ◽  
Tongming Yin
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Host Discrimination ◽  
Plagiodera Versicolora ◽  
Volatile Metabolites ◽  
Hexenyl Acetate ◽  
Volatile Organic

AbstractPlagiodera versicolora Laicharting is a highly damaging leaf beetle foraging on willow leaves. In willow germplasm collections, observation has shown that Salix suchowensis Cheng was severely foraged by this leaf beetle while Salix triandra L. was damage free or only slightly damaged. Results of olfactometer bioassays show that the headspace volatiles from leaves of S. triandra significantly repelled adult beetles, suggesting that this species produces volatile repellents against P. versicolora. S. suchowensis had no effect on the beetles. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was carried out to profile the headspace volatile organic compounds and 23 compounds from leaves of the alternate species in significantly different concentrations were detected. The effects of 20 chemical analogs on host discrimination were examined. Olfactory response to these chemicals showed that o-cymene, a S. suchowensis specific constituent, significantly attracted adult P. versicolora. In contrast, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, a constituent concentrated more in S. triandra than in S. suchowensis, significantly repelled beetles. Mixing o-cymene and cis-3-hexenyl acetate in comparable concentrations as in the volatiles of S. suchowensis demonstrated that the latter could mask the attracting effect of the former, causing a neutral response by adult beetles to leaves of S. suchowensis against clean air. In addition, chemical analogs have the same effect as plants when resembling volatile organic compounds in real samples. Two volatile metabolites were detected triggering host discrimination by one of the most damaging insect pests to host and non-host willows. The two metabolites are of considerable potential for use as olfactory signs in managing the beetles.

scholarly journals Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (Cucumis melo) Caused by Fusarium incarnatum

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Warin Intana ◽  
Suchawadee Kheawleng ◽  
Anurag Sunpapao
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Volatile Organic

Postharvest fruit rot caused by Fusarium incarnatum is a destructive postharvest disease of muskmelon (Cucumis melo). Biocontrol by antagonistic microorganisms is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in the biocontrol of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons by Trichoderma species. Seven Trichoderma spp. isolates were selected for in vitro testing against F. incarnatum in potato dextrose agar (PDA) by dual culture assay. In other relevant works, Trichoderma asperellum T76-14 showed a significantly higher percentage of inhibition (81%) than other isolates. Through the sealed plate method, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from T. asperellum T76-14 proved effective at inhibiting the fungal growth of F. incarnatum by 62.5%. Solid-phase microextraction GC/MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted from T. asperellum T76-14, whereas the dominant compound was tentatively identified as phenylethyl alcohol (PEA). We have tested commercial volatile (PEA) against in vitro growth of F. incarnatum; the result showed PEA at a concentration of 1.5 mg mL−1 suppressed fungal growth with 56% inhibition. Both VOCs and PEA caused abnormal changes in the fungal mycelia. In vivo testing showed that the lesion size of muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 was significantly smaller than that of the control. Muskmelons exposed to VOCs from T. asperellum T76-14 showed no fruit rot after incubation at seven days compared to fruit rot in the control. This study demonstrated the ability of T. asperellum T76-14 to produce volatile antifungal compounds, showing that it can be a major mechanism involved in and responsible for the successful inhibition of F. incarnatum and control of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons.

scholarly journals Trichoderma Strains and Metabolites Selectively Increase the Production of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Olive Trees

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Irene Dini ◽  
Roberta Marra ◽  
Pierpaolo Cavallo ◽  
Angela Pironti ◽  
Immacolata Sepe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Lipid Signaling ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Trichoderma Fungi ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Plant Plant

Plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that induce metabolomic, transcriptomic, and behavioral reactions in receiver organisms, including insect pollinators and herbivores. VOCs’ composition and concentration may influence plant-insect or plant-plant interactions and affect soil microbes that may interfere in plant-plant communication. Many Trichoderma fungi act as biocontrol agents of phytopathogens and plant growth promoters. Moreover, they can stimulate plant defense mechanisms against insect pests. This study evaluated VOCs’ emission by olive trees (Olea europaea L.) when selected Trichoderma fungi or metabolites were used as soil treatments. Trichoderma harzianum strains M10, T22, and TH1, T. asperellum strain KV906, T. virens strain GV41, and their secondary metabolites harzianic acid (HA), and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP) were applied to olive trees. Charcoal cartridges were employed to adsorb olive VOCs, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis allowed their identification and quantification. A total of 45 volatile compounds were detected, and among these, twenty-five represented environmental pollutants and nineteen compounds were related to olive plant emission. Trichoderma strains and metabolites differentially enhanced VOCs production, affecting three biosynthetic pathways: methylerythritol 1-phosphate (MEP), lipid-signaling, and shikimate pathways. Multivariate analysis models showed a characteristic fingerprint of each plant-fungus/metabolite relationship, reflecting a different emission of VOCs by the treated plants. Specifically, strain M10 and the metabolites 6PP and HA enhanced the monoterpene syntheses by controlling the MEP pathway. Strains GV41, KV906, and the metabolite HA stimulated the hydrocarbon aldehyde formation (nonanal) by regulating the lipid-signaling pathway. Finally, Trichoderma strains GV41, M10, T22, TH1, and the metabolites HA and 6PP improve aromatic syntheses at different steps of the shikimate pathway.

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