Deficiency of Vitamin B12 After Extensive Resection of the Distal Small Intestine in an Infant

Activation of the intestinal brake by infusing nutrients into the distal small intestine with catheters inhibits food intake and enhances satiety. Encapsulation of macronutrients, which protects against digestion in the proximal gastrointestinal tract, can be a non-invasive alternative to activate this brake. In this study, we investigate the effect of oral ingestion of an encapsulated casein and sucrose mixture (active) targeting the distal small intestine versus a control product designed to be released in the stomach on food intake, satiety, and plasma glucose concentrations. Fifty-nine volunteers received the active and control product on two separate test days. Food intake was determined during an ad libitum meal 90 min after ingestion of the test product. Visual analogue scale scores for satiety and blood samples for glucose analysis were collected at regular intervals. Ingestion of the active product decreased food intake compared to the control product (655 kcal compared with 699 kcal, respectively, p < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) for hunger was decreased (p < 0.05) and AUC for satiety was increased (p < 0.01) after ingestion of the active product compared to the control product. Ingestion of an encapsulated protein-carbohydrate mixture resulted in inhibition of food intake compared to a non-encapsulated control product.

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Sequence, tissue distribution, and functional characterization of the rat fructose transporter GLUT5

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1993.264.6.g1169 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 264 (6) ◽

pp. G1169-G1176 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

E. B. Rand ◽

A. M. Depaoli ◽

N. O. Davidson ◽

G. I. Bell ◽

C. F. Burant

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Cdna Probe ◽

Amino Acid Identity ◽

Human Testis ◽

Cdna Clones ◽

Rat Tissues ◽

Rat Small Intestine ◽

Cross Hybridization ◽

Distal Small Intestine

cDNA clones encoding rat GLUT5-small intestinal facilitative hexose transporter were isolated from a jejunum library by cross-hybridization with a human GLUT5 cDNA probe. The cDNA sequence indicates that rat GLUT5 is composed of 502 amino acids and has 81.5% amino acid identity and 87.3% similarity with the sequence of human GLUT5. Expression of synthetic rat GLUT5 mRNA in Xenopus oocytes showed that rat GLUT5 was able to mediate the uptake of fructose and, to a lesser extent, of glucose. RNA blotting studies showed that GLUT5 mRNA was present in rat small intestine, kidney, and brain. Although GLUT5 mRNA is expressed in human testis, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, it could not be detected by RNA blotting in these rat tissues. Developmental studies showed low levels of GLUT5 mRNA in rat small intestine and kidney during the prenatal period with a rapid induction of GLUT5 expression occurring postnatally. In situ hybridization studies of GLUT5 mRNA expression in the small intestine revealed differential expression along the crypt-villus axis with the highest levels of mRNA being in the midvillus region. In addition, there was quantitatively more GLUT5 mRNA detected in the proximal as opposed to the distal small intestine.

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Gastrointestinal motor effects of erythromycin

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.3.g355 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 259 (3) ◽

pp. G355-G363 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. F. Otterson ◽

S. K. Sarna

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Cycle Length ◽

Amplitude Ratio ◽

Contractile Activity ◽

Low Doses ◽

Control Activity ◽

Distal Small Intestine ◽

Gastrointestinal Motor ◽

High Doses ◽

Motor Effects

We studied the small intestinal motor effects of oral and intravenous (iv) erythromycin in 10 conscious dogs. After control recordings with placebo, oral or iv erythromycin was given at 40% of the migrating motor complex (MMC) cycle. Recordings were made after administration until normal contractile activity had returned or 12 h postdrug administration. Low doses initiated a premature MMC. High doses, however, prolonged the MMC cycle length. Erythromycin reduced the MMC propagation velocity at all doses. Both oral and iv erythromycin induced amyogenesia. During this pattern, electrical control activity was obliterated in the proximal and destabilized in the distal small intestine. Erythromycin also increased the incidence of retrograde giant contractions (RGCs) and vomiting. These effects occurred within the first 2 h after oral and within the first 30 min after iv administration. The incidence of giant migrating contractions (GMCs) increased significantly from 5 to 12 h but not from 0 to 5 h after administration. The distance of origination of GMCs from the ileocolonic junction was significantly increased from 5 to 12 h. The amplitude ratio, duration, and velocity of migration of GMCs induced after erythromycin were similar to control values. Clusters of coordinated antral and duodenal contractions also occurred early after administration. Our findings suggest that erythromycin has multiple motor effects on the stomach and small intestine. Diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and vomiting associated with erythromycin may be related to increased incidence of GMCs and RGCs. Erythromycin has a biphasic effect on MMC cycle length, initiating premature MMCs at low doses and prolonging their cycle length at higher doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Oxidation of glucose carbon entering the TCA cycle is reduced by glutamine in small intestine epithelial cells

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1995.268.6.g879 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 268 (6) ◽

pp. G879-G888 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. E. Kight ◽

S. E. Fleming

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Glucose Oxidation ◽

Tca Cycle ◽

Proximal Segment ◽

Distal Small Intestine ◽

Glucose Carbon ◽

The Tca Cycle ◽

Oxidation Of Glucose ◽

In Cells

The influence of glutamine on glucose oxidation was assessed in epithelial cells isolated from the mucosa of the proximal, mid-, and distal small intestine of young, fed, male rats. Glucose oxidation declined along the length of the small intestine, with values from the mid- and distal segments representing approximately 55% and 40%, respectively, of the value from the proximal segment. A gradient along the small intestine was noted also in the influence of glutamine on glucose oxidation: glutamine suppressed glucose oxidation approximately 60% in the proximal small intestine, 39% in the mid-intestine, and 31% in the distal small intestine. Glutamine suppressed the oxidation of glucose carbon that entered the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; this was determined using CO2 ratios derived from acetate and glucose isotopes. In cells from the proximal segment, the probability that carbon entering the cycle would complete one full turn was reduced by glutamine from 0.77 to 0.28. The entry of glucose-derived pyruvate into the TCA cycle did not appear to be influenced by the presence of glutamine, however. Glutamine had no influence on the proportion of glucose metabolism that occurred via the pentose phosphate pathway (which averaged 5% or less), but reduced flux of carbon through pyruvate carboxylase relative to flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase from 40% to 9% in cells from the proximal segment. These data suggest that, in the presence of glutamine, the fate of pyruvate carbon (derived from glucose or elsewhere) entering the TCA cycle is altered from that of oxidation to anaplerosis and subsequent efflux of TCA cycle intermediates into newly synthesized compounds.

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Sodium, potassium, and intestinal transport of glucose, l-tyrosine, phosphate, and calcium

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.205.1.107 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 205 (1) ◽

pp. 107-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Harold E. Harrison ◽

Helen C. Harrison

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Calcium Transport ◽

Inorganic Phosphate ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Sodium Concentration ◽

Phosphate Transport ◽

Metabolic Energy ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Bicarbonate Buffer ◽

Distal Small Intestine

Everted loops of rat small intestine were incubated in media varying in their concentrations of sodium and potassium. Reduction of sodium concentration was effected by substitution of choline chloride in equimolar amounts for sodium chloride in the saline-bicarbonate buffer. Concentrative transport of glucose, l-tyrosine, inorganic phosphate, and calcium was measured by determination of the final ratio of the concentrations of the solute in serosal and mucosal fluids, and the increment of the solute in serosal fluid during incubation. Ca45 was used as an indicator of calcium distribution. The glucose, l-tyrosine, and inorganic phosphate transport systems require sodium, and at a submaximal concentration of sodium an increased concentration of potassium is inhibitory. The calcium transport system does not require sodium and in loops from the distal small intestine calcium transport is enhanced by reduction of sodium concentration in the medium. It is postulated that there is a common sodium-requiring system which is necessary for the linkage of metabolic energy to glucose, amino acid, and inorganic phosphate transport.

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Glucose and glutamine provide similar proportions of energy to mucosal cells of rat small intestine

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.4.g968 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 273 (4) ◽

pp. G968-G978 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Sharon E. Fleming ◽

Kirsten L. Zambell ◽

Mark D. Fitch

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Glycolytic Flux ◽

Net Energy ◽

Intestinal Epithelial ◽

Atp Production ◽

Distal Small Intestine ◽

Mucosal Cells ◽

In Cells

The objectives of this study were to establish a reliable method for quantifying glycolytic flux in intestinal epithelial cells, to determine the proportion of energy provided to small intestine epithelial cells by glucose vs. glutamine, and to determine whether there was an energetic advantage to having both substrates present simultaneously. There was substantial retention of 3H in alanine and lactate when [2-3H]glucose was used as tracer for quantifying glycolysis, and the magnitude of the3H retention was influenced by the presence of other substrates and metabolites. Detritiation was at least 99% complete, however, when [3-3H]glucose was used as tracer in this system and the tritium was recovered as3H2O. Glycolytic flux was six- to sevenfold higher in cells of the proximal than distal small intestine but was not significantly different for young adult (4 mo) vs. aged adult (24 mo) rats. Net ATP production from exogenous substrates was higher when both glucose and glutamine were present simultaneously than when either substrate was present alone, and glucose was calculated to provide 50–60% of the net ATP produced from these two substrates. Most of the energy produced from glucose was produced via the anaerobic metabolic pathways (78% for glucose alone, 95% with glucose and glutamine). Net energy production was calculated to be 10% lower in cells from aged animals than in those from young animals, since CO2 production from these major substrates was lower in cells from aged animals.

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RARE CASE OF SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME

TSMU COLLECTION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS ◽

10.52340/csw.v49i0.137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 6-8

Author(s):

Azmaiparashvili G. აზმაიფარაშვილი გ. ◽

Tomadze G. თომაძე გ. ◽

Megreladze A. მეგრელაძე ა.

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Small Bowel ◽

Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Short Bowel Syndrome ◽

Rare Case ◽

Postoperative Management ◽

Hepatic Flexure ◽

Postoperative Treatment ◽

Extensive Resection ◽

Short Bowel

Short bowel syndrome is characterized by malabsorption following extensive resection of the small bowel. It may occur after resection of more than 50% and is certain after resection of more than 70% of the small intestine, or if less than 100 cm of small bowel remains. Successful postoperative management of short bowel syndrome has been discussed. Patient was operated because of cancer of hepatic flexure of large bowel with invasion in stomach, pancreas, retroperitoneal space, mesentery of small bowel. Right sided colectomy and excessive resection of small bowel with limphodissection was performed and only 80 cm of small bowel was left together with the left part of the colon. Ileotransversoanastomosis was performed. After the adequate course of chemotherapy and partial parenteral nutrition patient’s general condition became satisfactory. Patient started to gain weight. Adequate postoperative treatment determined postoperative period without surgical and nutritional complication.

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