S3.4 Multi-level strategies to evaluate the impact of HIV prevention programmes in Zimbabwe

Background: Output polarity of the sub-function is generally considered to reduce the area and power of a circuit at the two-level realization. Along with area and power, the power-density is also one of the significant parameter which needs to be consider, because power-density directly converges to circuit temperature. More than 50% of the modern day integrated circuits are damaged due to excessive overheating. Methods: This work demonstrates the impact of efficient power density based logic synthesis (in the form of suitable polarity selection of sub-function of Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) for its multilevel realization) for the reduction of temperature. Two-level PLA optimization using output polarity selection is considered first and compared with other existing techniques and then And-Invert Graphs (AIG) based multi-level realization has been considered to overcome the redundant solution generated in two-level synthesis. AIG nodes and associated power dissipation can be reduced by rewriting, refactoring and balancing technique. Reduction of nodes leads to the reduction of the area but on the contrary increases power and power density of the circuit. A meta-heuristic search approach i.e., Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is proposed to select the suitable output polarity of PLA sub-functions for its optimal realization. Results: Best power density based solution saves up to 8.29% power density compared to ‘espresso – dopo’ based solutions. Around 9.57% saving in area and 9.67% saving in power (switching activity) are obtained with respect to ‘espresso’ based solution using NSGA-II. Conclusion: Suitable output polarity realized circuit is converted into multi-level AIG structure and synthesized to overcome the redundant solution at the two-level circuit. It is observed that with the increase in power density, the temperature of a particular circuit is also increases.

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School-based HIV prevention programmes for African youth

Social Science & Medicine ◽

10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00331-9 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 58 (7) ◽

pp. 1337-1351 ◽

Cited By ~ 205

Author(s):

Melanie Gallant ◽

Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale

Keyword(s):

Hiv Prevention ◽

School Based ◽

Prevention Programmes ◽

African Youth

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Recession and risk of suicide in Denmark during the 2009 global financial crisis: an ecological register-based study

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/14034948211013270 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 140349482110132

Author(s):

Agnieszka Konieczna ◽

Sarah Grube Jakobsen ◽

Christina Petrea Larsen ◽

Erik Christiansen

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Financial Crisis ◽

Time Series Analysis ◽

Suicide Rate ◽

Global Financial Crisis ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽

Series Analysis ◽

Prevention Programmes ◽

The Impact

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse the potential impact from the financial crisis (onset in 2009) on suicide rates in Denmark. The hypothesis is that the global financial crisis raised unemployment which leads to raising the suicide rate in Denmark and that the impact is most prominent in men. Method: This study used an ecological study design, including register data from 2001 until 2016 on unemployment, suicide, gender and calendar time which was analysed using Poisson regression models and interrupted time series analysis. Results: The correlation between unemployment and suicide rates was positive in the period and statistically significant for all, but at a moderate level. A dichotomised version of time (calendar year) showed a significant reduction in the suicide rate for women (incidence rate ratio 0.87, P=0.002). Interrupted time series analysis showed a significant decreasing trend for the overall suicide rate and for men in the pre-recession period, which in both cases stagnated after the onset of recession in 2009. The difference between the genders’ suicide rate changed significantly at the onset of recession, as the rate for men increased and the rate for women decreased. Discussion: The Danish social welfare model might have prevented social disintegration and suicide among unemployed, and suicide prevention programmes might have prevented deaths among unemployed and mentally ill individuals. Conclusions: We found some indications for gender-specific differences from the impact of the financial crises on the suicide rate. We recommend that men should be specifically targeted for appropriate prevention programmes during periods of economic downturn.

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Compulsive Buying in Adolescents. The Impact of Gender and Alcohol and Cannabis Use

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13073982 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3982

Author(s):

Gloria Pérez de Albéniz-Garrote ◽

Maria Begoña Medina-Gómez ◽

Cristina Buedo-Guirado

Keyword(s):

Compulsive Buying ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Higher Alcohol ◽

Random Cluster ◽

Prevention Programmes ◽

The Impact ◽

Buying In

The purpose of this study to analyse whether compulsive buying in teenagers is related to gender and alcohol and cannabis use in a sample of 573 students aged 14–17 from secondary education schools in Burgos (Spain) (M = 15.65; SD = 1.04). Random cluster sampling was performed to select the sample. The Compulsive Buying Questionnaire was used together with two extra promts: ‘Indicate how much alcohol you consume’ and ‘Indicate how much cannabis you take’. Descriptive statistics were used in data analysis, while MANOVA was used to study gender differences in alcohol and cannabis use, compulsive buying and their interaction. The results show higher scores for female compulsive buyers than for men, higher scores for alcohol and cannabis users’ compulsive buying than for non-users, respectively, and higher scores for female users than for male users. A certain interaction was also observed between alcohol and cannabis use. A higher alcohol consumption entailed a higher score in compulsive buying, with cannabis users who did not consume alcohol obtaining the highest scores. Thus, prevention programmes should consider teenagers’ gender and the risk of taking toxic substances.

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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the oncologic care continuum: urgent need to restore patients care to pre-COVID-19 era

Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice ◽

10.1017/s1460396921000303 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Ernest Osei ◽

Ruth Francis ◽

Ayan Mohamed ◽

Lyba Sheraz ◽

Fariba Soltani-Mayvan

Keyword(s):

Cancer Care ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Negative Impact ◽

System Level ◽

Care Continuum ◽

Cancer Services ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Prevention Programmes ◽

Screening And Prevention ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death, and it is estimated that over 18·1 million new cases are diagnosed annually. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted almost every aspect of the provision and management of cancer care worldwide. The time-critical nature of COVID-19 diagnosis and the large number of patients requiring hospitalisation necessitated the rerouting of already limited resources available for cancer services and programmes to the care of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, the stringent social distancing, restricted in-hospital visits and lockdown measures instituted by various governments resulted in the disruption of the oncologic continuum including screening, diagnostic and prevention programmes, treatments and follow-up services as well as research and clinical trial programmes. Materials and Methods: We searched several databases from October 2020 to January 2021 for relevant studies published in English between 2020 and 2021 and reporting on the impact of COVID-19 on the cancer care continuum. This narrative review paper describes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cancer patient care continuum from screening and prevention to treatments and ongoing management of patients. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted cancer care and the management of cancer services and patients. Nevertheless, the oncology healthcare communities worldwide have done phenomenal work with joint and collaborative efforts, utilising best available evidence-based guidelines to continue to give safe and effective treatments for cancer patients while maintaining the safety of patients, healthcare professionals and the general population. Nevertheless, several healthcare centres are now faced with significant challenges with the management of the backlog of screening, diagnosis and treatment cases. It is imperative that governments, leaders of healthcare centres and healthcare professionals take all necessary actions and policies focused on minimising further system-level delays to cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment initiation and clearing of all backlogs cases from the COVID-19 pandemic in order to mitigate the negative impact on cancer outcomes.

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Speeding Up the Write Operation for Multi-Level Cell Phase Change Memory with Programmable Ramp-Down Current Pulses

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi10070461 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 461 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chenchen Xie ◽

Xi Li ◽

Houpeng Chen ◽

Yang Li ◽

Yuanguang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phase Change ◽

Current Source ◽

Phase Change Memory ◽

Operation Time ◽

Access Time ◽

Fully Differential ◽

Current Pulses ◽

Multi Level ◽

The Impact ◽

Change Memory

Multi-level cell (MLC) phase change memory (PCM) can not only effectively multiply the memory capacity while maintaining the cell area, but also has infinite potential in the application of the artificial neural network. The write and verify scheme is usually adopted to reduce the impact of device-to-device variability at the expense of a greater operation time and more power consumption. This paper proposes a novel write operation for multi-level cell phase change memory: Programmable ramp-down current pulses are utilized to program the RESET initialized memory cells to the expected resistance levels. In addition, a fully differential read circuit with an optional reference current source is employed to complete the readout operation. Eventually, a 2-bit/cell phase change memory chip is presented with a more efficient write operation of a single current pulse and a read access time of 65 ns. Some experiments are implemented to demonstrate the resistance distribution and the drift.

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The Construction of Engineering Projects Environmental Performance Auditing

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.2045 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 834-836 ◽

pp. 2045-2048

Author(s):

Xiao Ning Qu

Keyword(s):

Environmental Performance ◽

Internal Audit ◽

Engineering Project ◽

Whole Process ◽

Social Audit ◽

Multi Level ◽

Performance Auditing ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Engineering Projects

The Environmental performance auditing is one professional audit that auditing the environmental performance of engineering project. We construct a multi-level auditing network in the whole process of project. That network can be divided into government audit, social audit and internal audit. And with which we predict, evaluate and control the impact on environmental effectively.

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Stigma, gay men and biomedical prevention: the challenges and opportunities of a rapidly changing HIV prevention landscape

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh16052 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 111 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Graham Brown ◽

William Leonard ◽

Anthony Lyons ◽

Jennifer Power ◽

Dirk Sander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Prevention ◽

Gay Men ◽

Sexual Minorities ◽

Research Policy ◽

Scale Up ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Structural Level ◽

Biomedical Technologies ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

The Impact

Improvements in biomedical technologies, combined with changing social attitudes to sexual minorities, provide new opportunities for HIV prevention among gay and other men who have sex with men (GMSM). The potential of these new biomedical technologies (biotechnologies) to reduce HIV transmission and the impact of HIV among GMSM will depend, in part, on the degree to which they challenge prejudicial attitudes, practices and stigma directed against gay men and people living with HIV (PLHIV). At the structural level, stigma regarding gay men and HIV can influence the scale-up of new biotechnologies and negatively affect GMSM’s access to and use of these technologies. At the personal level, stigma can affect individual gay men’s sense of value and confidence as they negotiate serodiscordant relationships or access services. This paper argues that maximising the benefits of new biomedical technologies depends on reducing stigma directed at sexual minorities and people living with HIV and promoting positive social changes towards and within GMSM communities. HIV research, policy and programs will need to invest in: (1) responding to structural and institutional stigma; (2) health promotion and health services that recognise and work to address the impact of stigma on GMSM’s incorporation of new HIV prevention biotechnologies; (3) enhanced mobilisation and participation of GMSM and PLHIV in new approaches to HIV prevention; and (4) expanded approaches to research and evaluation in stigma reduction and its relationship with HIV prevention. The HIV response must become bolder in resourcing, designing and evaluating programs that interact with and influence stigma at multiple levels, including structural-level stigma.

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