Muscle fiber composition, jumping performance, and rate of force development adaptations induced by different power training volumes in females

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 996-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyridon Methenitis ◽  
Thomas Mpampoulis ◽  
Polyxeni Spiliopoulou ◽  
George Papadimas ◽  
Constantinos Papadopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Power Training ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Low Volume

This study aimed to investigate the effect of 3 different eccentric-only power training volumes on muscle fiber type composition and power performance. Twenty-nine females were assigned into 3 groups and performed 10 weeks of either 3 (low volume), 6 (moderate volume), or 9 (high volume) sets/session of 4 fast-velocity eccentric-only half-squats against 70% of concentric 1-repetition maximum (1RM), followed by 3 maximum countermovement jumps (CMJs) after each set. Half-squat 1RM, CMJ height/power, maximum isometric force, rate of force development (RFD) and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were increased in all groups (p = 0.001). Low-volume training induced higher increases in CMJ height/power and early RFD, compared with the moderate- and high-volume training programs (p < 0.001). Significant reductions in type IIx muscle fiber percentages and %CSAs were found after moderate- and high-volume training, with concomitant increases in type IIa fibers (p = 0.001). Significant correlations were found between the changes in type IIa and type IIx percentages, fiber CSA, %CSA, and the changes in performance (r: –0.787 to 0.792; p < 0.05). These results suggest that relatively large eccentric power training volumes may result in detrimental neuromuscular adaptations, minimal changes in early RFD, and a reduction of type IIx muscle fiber percentage. Novelty Low but not high volume of power training maintains type IIx muscle fibers. Early rate of force development increases after a low- or moderate-power training volume, but not after a high-power training volume. Training-induced changes in type IIx muscle fiber percentage is related with changes in early rate of force development.

scholarly journals Intramuscular fiber conduction velocity, isometric force and explosive performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyridon Methenitis ◽  
Gerasimos Terzis ◽  
Nikolaos Zaras ◽  
Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki ◽  
Nikolaos Karandreas
Keyword(s):  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Muscle Fiber Conduction Velocity ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Leg Press ◽  
Explosive Performance ◽  
Maximum Isometric Force

Abstract Conduction of electrical signals along the surface of muscle fibers is acknowledged as an essential neuromuscular component which is linked with muscle force production. However, it remains unclear whether muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) is also linked with explosive performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between vastus lateralis MFCV and countermovement jumping performance, the rate of force development and maximum isometric force. Fifteen moderately-trained young females performed countermovement jumps as well as an isometric leg press test in order to determine the rate of force development and maximum isometric force. Vastus lateralis MFCV was measured with intramuscular microelectrodes at rest on a different occasion. Maximum MFCV was significantly correlated with maximum isometric force (r = 0.66, p < 0.01), nevertheless even closer with the leg press rate of force development at 100 ms, 150 ms, 200 ms, and 250 ms (r = 0.85, r = 0.89, r = 0.91, r = 0.92, respectively, p < 0.01). Similarly, mean MFCV and type II MFCV were better correlated with the rate of force development than with maximum isometric leg press force. Lower, but significant correlations were found between mean MFCV and countermovement jump power (r = 0.65, p < 0.01). These data suggest that muscle fiber conduction velocity is better linked with the rate of force development than with isometric force, perhaps because conduction velocity is higher in the larger and fastest muscle fibers which are recognized to contribute to explosive actions.

Acute Physiological Response to Light- and Heavy-load Power-oriented Exercise in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez ◽  
Julian Alcazar ◽  
Jose Losa-Reyna ◽  
JuanManuel Carmona-Torres ◽  
Aurora Maria Cruz-Santaella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Sit To Stand ◽  
Light Load ◽  
Maximal Isometric Force

AbstractThis study investigated the acute responses to volume-load-matched heavy-load (80% 1RM) versus light-load (40% 1RM) power-oriented resistance training sessions in well-functioning older adults. Using a randomized cross-over design, 15 volunteers completed each condition on a leg press. Neuromuscular (maximal isometric force and rate of force development) and functional performance (power during sit-to-stand test), lactate, and muscle damage biochemistry (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein serum concentration) were assessed pre- and post-exercise. Performance declines were found after heavy-load (Cohen’s d effect size (d); maximal isometric force=0.95 d; rate of force development=1.17 d; sit-to-stand power =0.38 d, all p<0.05) and light-load (maximal isometric force=0.45 d; rate of force development=0.9 d; sit-to-stand power=1.17 d, all p<0.05), while lactate concentration increased only after light-load (1.7 d, p=0.001). However, no differences were found between conditions (all p>0.05). Both conditions increased creatine kinase the day after exercise (marginal effect=0.75 d, p<0.001), but no other blood markers increased (all, p>0.05). Irrespective of the load used, power training induced non-clinically significant decreases in sit-to-stand performance, moderate declines in maximal isometric force, but pronounced decreases in the rate of force development. Furthermore, the metabolic stress and muscle damage were minor; both sessions were generally well tolerated by well-functioning older adults without previous experience in resistance training.

Effects of low volume isometric leg press complex training at two knee angles on force-angle relationship and rate of force development

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory C. Bogdanis ◽  
Athanasios Tsoukos ◽  
Spyridon K. Methenitis ◽  
Elisavet Selima ◽  
Panagiotis Veligekas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Leg Press ◽  
Complex Training ◽  
Low Volume

Relationship Between Isometric Force–Time Characteristics and Sprint Kayaking Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Danny Lum ◽  
Abdul Rashid Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Bench Press ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Peak Rate ◽  
Time To Completion ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Force Time

Force–time characteristics obtained during isometric strength tests are significantly correlated to various sporting movements. However, data on the relationship between isometric force–time characteristics and sprint kayaking performance are lacking in the literature. Purpose: The purpose of the study was, therefore, to investigate the relationship between sprint kayaking performance with ergometer performance and measures from 3 isometric strength tests: isometric squat, isometric bench press, and isometric prone bench pull. Methods: A total of 23 sprint kayaking athletes performed all 3 tests, at 90° and 120° knee angles for isometric squat and at elbow angles for isometric bench press and isometric prone bench pull, and a 200-m sprint on-water to attain the fastest time-to-completion (OWTT) possible and on a kayak ergometer to attain the highest mean power (LABTT) possible. Results: There was a significant inverse correlation between OWTT and LABTT (r = −.90, P < .001). The peak forces achieved from all isometric strength tests were significantly correlated with time-to-completion for OWTT and mean power for LABTT (r = −.44 to −.88, P < .05 and .47 to .80, P < .05, respectively). OWTT was significantly correlated with the peak rate of force development during all isometric tests except for the isometric squat at a 120° knee angle (r = −.47 to −.62, P < .05). LABTT was significantly correlated with peak rate of force development from the isometric bench press and isometric prone bench pull (r = .64–.86, P < .01). Conclusion: Based on the observed strong correlations, the mean power attained during LABTT is a good predictor of OWTT time-to-completion. Furthermore, upper- and lower-body maximum strength and peak rate of force development are equally important for on-water and ergometer sprint kayaking performance.

scholarly journals Peak Rate of Force Development and Isometric Maximum Strength of Back Muscles Are Associated With Power Performance During Load-Lifting Tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 155798831982862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Zemková ◽  
Oliver Poór ◽  
Juraj Pecho
Keyword(s):  
Peak Force ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Back Muscles ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Lifting Task

This study investigates the relationship between peak force and rate of force development (RFD) obtained from maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) of the back muscles and the power produced during a loaded lifting task. A group of 27 resistance-trained and 41 recreationally physically active men performed a maximal isometric strength test of the back muscles and a deadlift to high pull while lifting progressively increasing weights. Peak RFD correlated significantly with the peak and mean power produced during a deadlift to high pull with lower weights (from 20 to 40 kg), with r values ranging from .941 to .673 and from .922 to .633. The r2 values ranged from .89 to .45 and from .85 to .40, explaining 89%–45% and 85%–40% of total variance. There were also significant relationships between MVC peak force and peak and mean values of power produced during a deadlift to high pull with weights ≥60 kg ( r in range from .764 to .888 and from .735 to .896). Based on r2, a moderate-to-high proportion of variance was explained (58%–79% and 54%–80%). These findings indicate that peak RFD obtained from MVC of the back muscles may be predictive of power performance during a lifting task at light loads. In addition to MVC peak force produced by back muscles, the ability of subjects to develop a high force in a short time should be evaluated in order to gain deeper insight into a loaded lifting performance, namely, in those prone to low back pain.

Age- and Sex-Related Differences in the Maximum Muscle Performance and Rate of Force Development Scaling Factor of Precision Grip Muscles

Motor Control ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-290
Author(s):  
Talyene G.C. Corrêa ◽  
Stephanie V.S. Donato ◽  
Kauê C.A. Lima ◽  
Ronaldo V. Pereira ◽  
Mehmet Uygur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grip Force ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Scaling Factor ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Age And Sex

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of age and sex on the rate of force development scaling factor (RFD-SF) and maximum performance (i.e., maximum grip force [GFMax] and maximum rate of grip force development [RGFDMax]) of precision handgrip muscles. Sixty-four subjects, allocated in four groups according to their age and sex, were asked to hold an instrumented handle with the tip of the digits and perform two tests: maximum voluntary contraction and RFD-SF tests. In the maximum voluntary contraction test, GFMax and RGFDMax were assessed. In the RFD-SF test, the subjects generated quick isometric force pulses to target amplitudes varying between 20% and 100% of their GFMax. The RFD-SF and R2 values were obtained from the linear relationship between the peak values of the force pulses and the corresponding peak values of the rate of force development. Younger adults and males produced higher GFMax and RGFDMax and presented higher R2 and RFD-SF than older adults and females, respectively. No correlations between GFMax and RFD-SF and between RGFDMax and RFD-SF were observed.

Aging, muscle fiber type, and contractile function in sprint-trained athletes

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 906-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko T. Korhonen ◽  
Alexander Cristea ◽  
Markku Alén ◽  
Keijo Häkkinen ◽  
Sarianna Sipilä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specific Tension ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Aging Muscle

Biopsy samples were taken from the vastus lateralis of 18- to 84-yr-old male sprinters ( n = 91). Fiber-type distribution, cross-sectional area, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform content were identified using ATPase histochemistry and SDS-PAGE. Specific tension and maximum shortening velocity ( Vo) were determined in 144 single skinned fibers from younger (18–33 yr, n = 8) and older (53–77 yr, n = 9) runners. Force-time characteristics of the knee extensors were determined by using isometric contraction. The cross-sectional area of type I fibers was unchanged with age, whereas that of type II fibers was reduced ( P < 0.001). With age there was an increased MHC I ( P < 0.01) and reduced MHC IIx isoform content ( P < 0.05) but no differences in MHC IIa. Specific tension of type I and IIa MHC fibers did not differ between younger and older subjects. Vo of fibers expressing type I MHC was lower ( P < 0.05) in older than in younger subjects, but there was no difference in Vo of type IIa MHC fibers. An aging-related decline of maximal isometric force ( P < 0.001) and normalized rate of force development ( P < 0.05) of knee extensors was observed. Normalized rate of force development was positively associated with MHC II ( P < 0.05). The sprint-trained athletes experienced the typical aging-related reduction in the size of fast fibers, a shift toward a slower MHC isoform profile, and a lower Vo of type I MHC fibers, which played a role in the decline in explosive force production. However, the muscle characteristics were preserved at a high level in the oldest runners, underlining the favorable impact of sprint exercise on aging muscle.

scholarly journals Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keijo Häkkinen ◽  
Arto Pakarinen ◽  
William J. Kraemer ◽  
Arja Häkkinen ◽  
Heli Valkeinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Type I ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Force Development

Effects of strength training (ST) for 21 wk were examined in 10 older women (64 ± 3 yr). Electromyogram, maximal isometric force, one-repetition maximum strength, and rate of force development of the leg extensors, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris (QF) and of vastus lateralis (VL), medialis (VM), intermedius (VI) and rectus femoris (RF) throughout the lengths of 3/12–12/15 (Lf) of the femur, muscle fiber proportion and areas of types I, IIa, and IIb of the VL were evaluated. Serum hormone concentrations of testosterone, growth hormone (GH), cortisol, and IGF-I were analyzed for the resting, preexercise, and postexercise conditions. After the 21-wk ST, maximal force increased by 37% ( P < 0.001) and 1-RM by 29% ( P < 0.001), accompanied by an increase ( P < 0.01) in rate of force development. The integrated electromyograms of the vastus muscles increased ( P < 0.05). The CSA of the total QF increased ( P < 0.05) throughout the length of the femur by 5–9%. The increases were significant ( P< 0.05) at 7/15–12/15 Lf for VL and at 3/15–8/15 Lf for VM, at 5/15–9/15 for VI and at 9/15 ( P < 0.05) for RF. The fiber areas of type I ( P < 0.05), IIa ( P < 0.001), and IIb ( P < 0.001) increased by 22–36%. No changes occurred during ST in serum basal concentrations of the hormones examined, but the level of testosterone correlated with the changes in the CSA of the QF ( r = 0.64, P < 0.05). An acute increase of GH ( P < 0.05), remaining elevated up to 30 min ( P < 0.05) postloading, was observed only at posttraining. Both neural adaptations and the capacity of skeletal muscle to undergo training-induced hypertrophy even in older women explain the strength gains. The increases in the CSA of the QF occurred throughout its length but differed selectively between the individual muscles. The serum concentrations of hormones remained unaltered, but a low level of testosterone may be a limiting factor in training-induced muscle hypertrophy. The magnitude and time duration of the acute GH response may be important physiological indicators of anabolic adaptations during strength training even in older women.

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