Position of rays and lateral deviation of vessel elements in the stem wood of some dicotyledonous species with storeyed, double-storeyed, and nonstoreyed cambia

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 849-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek ◽  
Wiesław Włoch ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Paweł Kojs
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Element ◽  
Fusiform Cell ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Symplastic Growth ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Wisteria Floribunda ◽  
Ray Cell

It is believed that differentiating vessel elements increase their diameter by growing intrusively in the circumferential direction and symplastically in the radial direction in relation to the stem axis. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the cell arrangement observed in a series of semithin anatomical sections of cambial zone and the developing and mature secondary xylem of Terminalia ivorensis , Wisteria floribunda , and Millettia laurentii , we revealed a novel correlation of growing vessel elements with surrounding tissues. Rays seem to prevent the growing vessel elements from protruding laterally between the cells of adjacent rays. The growing vessel elements break the continuity of several neighbouring radial files of fusiform cell derivatives but not of ray cell derivatives. If a contiguous ray becomes an obstacle for the growth of vessel elements on any one side, the growing elements often start to grow in the opposite direction, consequently causing a deviation in the alignment of the vessel elements concerned. This mechanism explains why vessel elements may deviate from the array of their precursors, the fusiform cambial initials. Our models on the intrusive symplastic growth of vessel element mother cells have revealed that intrusive growth does not occur between radial walls of neighbouring cells.

Wound Effects on Cytodifferentiation in Hardwood Xylem

IAWA Journal ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Kuroda ◽  
Ken Shimaji
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Wound Reaction ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Ray Cell ◽  
Wound Tissue

The wound effects on cytodifferentiation in hardwood xylem were studied by means of periodical observation of wound tissue formation after a pin insertion into the stem of poplar. The mitotic reactivation of ray parenchyma cells was similar to that in conifers. These ray cell derivatives easily invaded other cells creating the impression of septate fibres. Conspicuous abnormalities were found in the differentiation of those fusiform cells which were situated in the zone of xylem mother cells at the time of wounding and those originating from cambial initials for several days after wounding. In the former zone, fusiform cells were prevented from differentiating into vessel elements after dividing transversely several times in the zone adjacent to the injury ; fusiform cells in the area extending several millimetres longitudinally were variously modified morphologically after the frequent transverse divisions in the xylem mother cell zone: they showed various transitional patterns from vessel element-like through tracheid-like, and axial parenchyma-cell-like to fibre-like. These observations suggest that the direction of cytodifferentiation is determined in the cambial initials or the neighbouring xylem mother cells, and is controlled by certain substances, which may change in concentration through the wounding stimulus, bringing about the modification in cytodifferentiation. Wound reaction of hardwood (i .e., woody dicotyledons) was thus completely different from the regeneration of vascular system in injured herbaceous dicotyledons.

scholarly journals Comparative wood anatomy of root and stem of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Leandro Roberto Longo ◽  
Alex Wiedenhoeft ◽  
Claudia Franca Barros
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Semideciduous Seasonal Forest ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Root and stem wood anatomy of C. myrianthum (Verbenaceae) from a semideciduous seasonal forest in Botucatu municipality (22º52’20”S and 48º26’37”W), São Paulo state, Brazil, were studied. Growth increments demarcated by semi-ring porosity and marginal bands of axial parenchyma were observed in the wood of both root and stem. Many qualitative features were the same in both root and stem: fine helical thickenings, and simple and multiple perforation plates in vessel elements; large quantities of axial parenchyma in the growth rings, grading from marginal bands and confluent forming irregular bands in earlywood to lozenge aliform in latewood; axial parenchyma cells forked, and varied wall projections and undulations; septate fibres; forked and diverse fibre endings. Quantitative features differing between root and stem wood were evaluated using student’s t-test, and vessel frequency, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray height, and vulnerability and mesomorphy indices differed significantly. Root wood had lower frequency of vessels, narrower and longer vessel elements, and taller rays than wood of the stem. The calculated vulnerability and mesomorphy indices indicated that C. myrianthum plants are mesomorphic. Roots seem to be more susceptible to water stress than the stem.

Phenological Comparison of the Onset of Vessel Formation Between Ring-Porous and Diffuse-Porous Deciduous Trees in a Japanese Temperate Forest

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Suzuki ◽  
Kiyotsugu Yoda ◽  
Hitoshi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Initiation of vessel formation and vessel maturation indicated by secondary wall deposition have been compared in eleven deciduous broadleaved tree species. In ring-porous species the first vessel element formation in the current growth ring was initiated two to six weeks prior to the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition on the vessel elements was completed from one week before to three weeks after leaf expansion. In diffuse-porous species, the first vessel element formation was initiated two to seven weeks after the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition was completed four to nine weeks after leaf expansion. These results suggest that early maturation of the first vessel elements in the ring-porous species will serve for water conduction in early spring. On the contrary, the late maturation of the first vessel elements in the diffuse-porous species indicates that no new functional vessels exist at the time of the leaf expansion.

Vessel element development in the earlywood of red oak (Quercus rubra)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1965-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Zasada ◽  
Robert Zahner
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Bark Peeling ◽  
Extreme Care ◽  
Earlywood Vessels ◽  
Cell Zone

Earlywood formation was observed in 60-year-old forest-grown red oak trees in southern Michigan. Extreme care in removing samples from the cambial region of the main stem at 1.4 m and 18 m, and from small branches at about 24 m, permitted the following conclusions. First vessel elements were initiated in the second or third xylem derivative radially removed from the previous year's latewood, possibly in overwintering derivatives, simultaneously throughout the bole and branches of the tree, some 2 weeks before bud enlargement. Vessel elements enlarged first in the tangential dimension (to about 200 μ.) within a few days after initiation of differentiation. Enlargement in the radial direction required up to 2 weeks to grow 300 μ, occurring as the entire xylem mother cell zone was displaced outward by cambial growth to either side—tangentially—of the vessel element. The duration of earlywood formation was about 10 weeks, while the duration of shoot elongation was less than 2 weeks. First earlywood vessels were fully mature about 5 weeks after initiation, coinciding with the unfolding of first leaves. All foliage was mature several weeks before complete maturation of later formed earlywood vessels. Detailed stem analysis and bark peeling studies revealed that stem sections clear of branching contained few lateral junctions between axial vessels. There were many such junctions where twigs joined larger limbs and where limbs joined the main stem; all such junctions were between adjacent vessels from the same limb.

Synchronized Maturation of Vessel Diameter and ray width in Zelkova Serrata

IAWA Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryouta Tsuchiya ◽  
Ikuo Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Vessel Lumen ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Maturation Age ◽  
Stem Increment ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

This study describes radial variation in fibre length, vessel element length, vessel lumen diameter, and ray width (number of cells) in relation to the developmental stages in radial stem increment in Zelkova serrata trees. Maturation age (the age at which the size of the wood elements is stabilized) was compared to the ages at the boundary between the early and middle stages (age t1), and the middle and late stages (age t2) of radial stem increment. The maturation age was estimated by nonlinear segmented regression analysis. Ages t1 and t2 were estimated by the Gompertz growth function. The maturation age for the length of axial elements (wood fibres and vessel elements) was not related to either age t1 or age t2. However, the maturation ages for vessel lumen diameter and ray width were close, and both were related to age t2. This indicates that the maturation of vessel lumen diameter and ray width was synchronized and both were related to the stage of radial stem increment.

Apical intrusive growth of cambial fusiform initials along the tangential walls of adjacent fusiform initials: evidence for a new concept

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Jura ◽  
Paweł Kojs ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Joanna Szymanowska-Pułka ◽  
Wiesław Włoch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Radial Wall ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Periclinal Walls ◽  
Symplastic Growth ◽  
Wisteria Floribunda ◽  
Fusiform Initial

A new study of cambium of Pinus sylvestris L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC provides fresh clues on the cambial dynamics, rejecting the hitherto held concept that intrusive growth of the fusiform initial occurs between the radial walls of adjacent initials. It demonstrates that intrusion of the elongating initial in fact takes place along tangential walls of adjacent fusiform initials and their immediate derivatives. It also suggests a new mechanism for ‘elimination of initials’. Intrusive growth of the fusiform initial was found to begin with development of characteristic slants, representing a transitional stage of the process of transformation of periclinal walls of fusiform initial cells into radial walls, as observed in transverse sections of active cambium. The gradually progressing event comprised (a) appearance of either a triangular microspace limited by two periclinal walls of a fusiform initial and its derivative and one radial wall of another fusiform initial in the adjacent radial file, or a rhomboidal microspace enclosed by four periclinal walls of two laterally adjacent fusiform initials and their immediate derivatives, (b) intrusion of elongating tip of fusiform initial from neighbouring file into the microspace thus formed, (c) symplastic growth of the cambial cell walls in radial direction, (d) unequal periclinal divisions of fusiform initial cells while growing intrusively, and (e) unequal periclinal divisions of derivative cells not growing intrusively. Intrusive growth between periclinal walls affected rearrangement of the fusiform initials but did not add to the cambial circumference. The existing concepts of (a) intrusion of the fusiform initial between radial walls of neighbouring initials and (b) elimination of fusiform initials from cambial surface have been reassessed and redefined.

Surface chemistry of vessel elements by FE-SEM, μ-XPS and ToF-SIMS

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Orblin ◽  
Valerie Eta ◽  
Pedro Fardim
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Recycled Pulp ◽  
Tof Sims ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Printing Ink ◽  
Secondary Ion

Abstract Separation of vessel elements and fibers was carried out for Eucalyptus kraft and recycled pulp as raw materials. A new separation method is presented. The surface morphology, surface chemical characteristics and chemistry of individual vessel elements were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), microbeam X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (μ-XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). By FE-SEM it could be seen that vessel elements in recycled pulp were almost intact or only partly broken via the pits. They were also detected on the surface of newsprint paper. The chemical composition of vessel element surfaces was similar to that of fibers. The surface coverage by lignin in vessels showed scattered results by μ-XPS. However, normalized lignin peak intensities of ToF-SIMS indicated that vessels had lower surface lignin counts than fibers. Vessel elements in recycled pulp were rich in phthalates and other hydrocarbons originating probably from printing ink and paper chemicals. Fillers, sizes, and other paper chemicals were not completely removed from the recycled vessel surfaces during the de-inking.

Intervessel Pits in the Stem Wood of New Zeal and Nothofagus (Fagaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-331
Author(s):  
T. M. Middleton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron

A scanning electron microscopic study was made of intervessel pits in vessel elements of the stem wood in the four species and two varieties of New Zealand Nothofagus namely N. solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole (mountain beech) and var. solandri (Hook. f.) Oerst. (black beech), N. truncata (Col.) Ckn. (hard beech), N. fusca (Hook. f.) Oerst. (red beech), and N. menziesii (Hook. f. ) Oerst. (silver beech).

Wood anatomy of Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) with systematic and ecological implications

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. De Villiers ◽  
Alexei A. Oskolski ◽  
Patricia M. Tilney ◽  
Ben-Erik Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Vessel Element Length ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Group A ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Wood Evolution

The wood structure of two related African genera, Cussonia Thunb. (15 of 21 species) and the monotypic Seemannaralia R.Vig. (Araliaceae) is examined. The considerable diversity in wood anatomical characters within these taxa is mostly related to environmental factors; taxonomic groupings or phylogenetic relationships seem to be less important. The shortening of vessel elements and fibres, an increase in vessel number per group, a decrease in vessel diameter and a reduction in the number of bars of perforation plates, are associated with the more temperat species. The changes in vessel grouping show a significant correlation with rainfall. The placement of the simple-leaved Cussonia species in the subgenus Protocussonia and the isolated position of C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., the only member of the subgenus Paniculatae, are supported. Many Cussonia species share a very low fibre to vessel element length ratio. Despite the basal position of Seemannaralia relative to Cussonia revealed by molecular data (Plunkett et al. 2004), its wood structure is more specialised in terms of the Baileyan major trends in wood evolution. This discrepancy may be the effect of a long-term adaptation of tropical ancestors of Seemannaralia to drier biomes.

Comparative Wood Anatomy of Root and Stem in Styrax Camporum (Styracaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia R. Machado ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy-Alfonso ◽  
Berta L. de Morretes
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vestured Pits

Styrax camporum Pohl is a shrub common in the cerrado vegetation of south-eastern Brazil. Root and stem wood in Styrax camporum differ quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative differences follow normal expectations: roots have wider and longer vessel elements, a lower vessel frequency, a lower ray frequency, and wider rays. Qualitative features of the roots are: simple perforation plates, vestured pits, and septate libriform fibres; qualitative features of the stems are: multiple perforation plates, non-vestured pits, and non-septate fibre-tracheids. Based on generally accepted evolutionary trends, root wood of Styrax camporum has more specialized features than stem wood. Additional comparative studies of stem and root anatomy are needed to determine if such differences between root and stem anatomy are widespread, and consistent with the lines of specialization observed in monocotyledons.

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