Vessel element development in the earlywood of red oak (Quercus rubra)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1965-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Zasada ◽  
Robert Zahner
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Bark Peeling ◽  
Extreme Care ◽  
Earlywood Vessels ◽  
Cell Zone

Earlywood formation was observed in 60-year-old forest-grown red oak trees in southern Michigan. Extreme care in removing samples from the cambial region of the main stem at 1.4 m and 18 m, and from small branches at about 24 m, permitted the following conclusions. First vessel elements were initiated in the second or third xylem derivative radially removed from the previous year's latewood, possibly in overwintering derivatives, simultaneously throughout the bole and branches of the tree, some 2 weeks before bud enlargement. Vessel elements enlarged first in the tangential dimension (to about 200 μ.) within a few days after initiation of differentiation. Enlargement in the radial direction required up to 2 weeks to grow 300 μ, occurring as the entire xylem mother cell zone was displaced outward by cambial growth to either side—tangentially—of the vessel element. The duration of earlywood formation was about 10 weeks, while the duration of shoot elongation was less than 2 weeks. First earlywood vessels were fully mature about 5 weeks after initiation, coinciding with the unfolding of first leaves. All foliage was mature several weeks before complete maturation of later formed earlywood vessels. Detailed stem analysis and bark peeling studies revealed that stem sections clear of branching contained few lateral junctions between axial vessels. There were many such junctions where twigs joined larger limbs and where limbs joined the main stem; all such junctions were between adjacent vessels from the same limb.

Phenological Comparison of the Onset of Vessel Formation Between Ring-Porous and Diffuse-Porous Deciduous Trees in a Japanese Temperate Forest

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Suzuki ◽  
Kiyotsugu Yoda ◽  
Hitoshi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Initiation of vessel formation and vessel maturation indicated by secondary wall deposition have been compared in eleven deciduous broadleaved tree species. In ring-porous species the first vessel element formation in the current growth ring was initiated two to six weeks prior to the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition on the vessel elements was completed from one week before to three weeks after leaf expansion. In diffuse-porous species, the first vessel element formation was initiated two to seven weeks after the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition was completed four to nine weeks after leaf expansion. These results suggest that early maturation of the first vessel elements in the ring-porous species will serve for water conduction in early spring. On the contrary, the late maturation of the first vessel elements in the diffuse-porous species indicates that no new functional vessels exist at the time of the leaf expansion.

scholarly journals Insects Visiting Drippy Blight Diseased Red Oak Trees Are Contaminated with the Pathogenic Bacterium Lonsdalea quercina

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1940-1946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael A. Sitz ◽  
Vincent M. Aquino ◽  
Ned A. Tisserat ◽  
Whitney S. Cranshaw ◽  
Jane E. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Pathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Blight Disease

The focus of investigation in this study was to consider the potential of arthropods in the dissemination of the bacterium involved in drippy blight disease, Lonsdalea quercina. Arthropod specimens were collected and tested for the presence of the bacterium with molecular markers. The bacterium L. quercina was confirmed on 12 different insect samples from three orders (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera) and eight families (Buprestidae, Coccinellidae, Dermestidae, Coreidae, Pentatomidae and/or Miridae, Apidae, Formicidae, and Vespidae). Approximately half of the insects found to carry the bacterium were in the order Hymenoptera. Estimates of the insects that are contaminated with the bacterium, and likely carry it between trees, is conservative because the documented insects represent only a subset of the insect orders that were observed feeding on the bacterium or present on diseased trees yet were not able to be tested. The insects contaminated with L. quercina exhibited diverse life histories, where some had a facultative relationship with the bacterium and others sought it out as a food source. These findings demonstrate that a diverse set of insects naturally occur on diseased trees and may disseminate L. quercina.

Survival and growth of understory trees in oak forests of the Hudson Highlands, New York

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Understory Trees

Mortality and growth rates of trees in various crown classes and size classes were analyzed from 40-year permanent plot records of slope and ravine forest dominated by chestnut oak (Quercusprinus L.) and northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.). Average 5-year mortality rates for suppressed trees ≥2.5 cm dbh of chestnut oak and red oak in the slope forest were 26 and 45%, respectively. None of the suppressed red oaks survived the 40-year period, compared with 14% of the chestnut oaks and 33% of the red maples (Acerrubrum L.). Mortality of oak trees in the intermediate crown class was less than half that of suppressed trees, but still much higher than that of maples and birches on the tracts. Survival was reasonably high for oaks as long as the top of the crown was receiving direct sunlight, but the expected 40-year survival rate of red oaks in such a position is only 20%, with an average growth rate of 1.0 mm in diameter per year. Curves and equations expressing average mortality and growth rates at various levels of competition are presented for each species.

Incidence of main stem infections of lodgepole pine by western gall rust decreases with tree age

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1314-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V Blenis ◽  
Wuhan Li
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Artificial Inoculations

Infection of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) by western gall rust has been shown to decrease with tree height and age, but the effects of those two factors have not been separated. Five replicate artificial inoculations were done on a total of 327 trees of different ages in two height classes. Temperature and percentage of spore germination at the height of inoculation, shoot development (stem elongation at the time of inoculation as a proportion of final shoot elongation), main stem leader length at the time of inoculation, tree height, and tree age were measured. Modeled percentages of infected trees and the number of galls per 10 cm of shoot length decreased by 85% and 88%, respectively, as tree age increased between 2 and 10 years, indicating the undesirability of early, aggressive precommercial thinning of lodgepole pine stands in areas where western gall rust is common. By controlling and (or) statistically accounting for inoculum, microclimate, and phenological factors, it was possible to demonstrate that changes in susceptibility with tree age are sufficient to account for the reduction in infection with tree height.

EARLYWOOD VESSELS IN RING-POROUS TREES BECOME FUNCTIONAL FOR WATER TRANSPORT AFTER BUD BURST AND BEFORE THE MATURATION OF THE CURRENT-YEAR LEAVES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kitin ◽  
Ryo Funada
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Wall Perforation ◽  
Earlywood Vessels

This paper reviews the development of xylem vessels in ring-porous dicots and the corresponding leaf phenology. Also included are our original observations on the time-course of vessel element growth, secondary wall deposition, and end wall perforation in the deciduous hardwood Kalopanax septemlobus. Different patterns of xylem growth and phenology serve different strategies of the species for adaptation to seasonal climates. Trees with ring-porous xylem form wide earlywood vessels (EWV) in spring and narrow latewood vessels in summer. The wide EWV become embolized or blocked with tyloses by the end of the growing season while the narrow vessels may remain functional for many years. The co-occurrence of wide and narrow vessels provides both efficiency and safety of the water transport as well as a potentially longer growing season. It has for a long time been assumed that EWV in ring-porous hardwoods are formed in early spring before bud burst in order to supply sap to growing leaves and shoots.However, the full time-course of development of EWV elements from initiation of growth until maturation for water transport has not been adequately studied until recently. Our observations clarify a crucial relationship between leaf maturation and the maturation of earlywood vessels for sap transport. Accumulated new evidence shows that EWV in branches and upper stem parts develop earlier than EWV lower in the stem. The first EWV elements are fully expanded with differentiated secondary walls by the time of bud burst. In lower stem parts, perforations in vessel end walls are formed after bud burst and before the new leaves have achieved full size. Therefore, the current-year EWV network becomes functional for water transport only by the time when the first new leaves are mature.

Biology and Control of Oak Wilt in Michigan Red Oak Stands

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann N. Bruhn ◽  
Robert L. Heyd
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
Oak Wilt ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sanitary Treatment

Abstract This paper explains the components of an integrated approach to oak wilt control which has strong potential for adaptation to red oak forests throughout the Lake States. Oak wilt epicenter containment involves (1) separating grafted root systems with a vibratory plow line or Vapam barrier, followed by (2) removal of all living red oaks inside the barrier, and sanitary treatment of wood capable of producing fungal mats. Use of a reference table developed for proper barrier location is described. Epicenters are established by insect vectors, often as a consequence of human activity. Establishment of epicenters can be prevented by: (1) sanitary treatment of diseased trees which may yet produce mats, (2) discouraging unsupervised movement of diseased wood, (3) minimizing the wounding of oaks during the spring and early summer, and (4) immediately painting all spring and summer wounds on oak trees with a tree wound dressing. Detection of new epicenters is important. Treatment of small epicenters minimizes site disturbance and the number of fungal mats produced, as well as the number of trees lost. Systematic aerial surveillance is useful for effective detection in large acre-ages of oak type. Prevention is the best control measure. Unfortunately, public relations are often inadequate. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):47-51

scholarly journals Examination of the Arborsonic Decay Detector for Detecting Bacterial Wetwood in Red Oaks

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zical Xu ◽  
Theodor D. Leininger ◽  
James G. Williams ◽  
Frank H. Tainter
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Ultrasound Wave ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
Land Manager

Abstract The Arborsonic Decay Detector (ADD; Fujikura Europe Limited, Wiltshire, England) was used to measure the time it took an ultrasound wave to cross 280 diameters in red oak trees with varying degrees of bacterial wetwood or heartwood decay. Linear regressions derived from the ADD readings of trees in Mississippi and South Carolina with wetwood and heartwood decay yielded significantly different lines for some combinations and locations. The results of this study suggest that the ADD cannot yet be used to detect wetwood in oak trees with enough certainty to be of practical use to a forester or land manager. However, regression lines describing ADD readings of trees with wetwood at both study sites were located between those of healthy trees and decayed trees suggesting some, albeit limited, ability to differentiate wetwood trees. The use of ultrasound to detect bacterial wetwood in red oaks may be improved by designing a system that allows measurement of signal amplitude and evaluation of waveform patterns. The ability to successfully detect trees with heartwood decay was better, especially for trees with advanced decay. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):6-10.

scholarly journals Three Colopterus Beetle Species Carry the Oak Wilt Fungus to Fresh Wounds on Red Oak in Missouri

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Hayslett ◽  
Jennifer Juzwik ◽  
Bruce Moltzan
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Oak Wilt ◽  
Ceratocystis Fagacearum ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
The Family ◽  
Nitidulid Beetles

Beetles in the family Nitidulidae can transmit the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum, to fresh wounds on healthy oak trees, leading to infection and disease development. Historically, nitidulid beetles have not been considered important vectors of the pathogen in Missouri. Studies were conducted in the spring of 2005 and 2006 to determine frequencies of nitidulid beetle species contaminated with C. fagacearum visiting fresh wounds on red oak trees in central Missouri. Colopterus truncatus, C. niger, and C. semitectus were the most abundant species collected from fresh wounds and the only species found to be contaminated with Ceratocystis fagacearum. Of 230 beetles assayed for C. fagacearum, 23 yielded the fungus. Contamination frequencies were higher for beetles collected in April than May; no beetles collected in June were contaminated. We hypothesize that Colopterus truncatus, C. niger, and C. semitectus are principal nitidulid beetle vector species in Missouri during spring. The risk for pathogen transmission by these beetles appears to be greatest in April and least in June.

Synchronized Maturation of Vessel Diameter and ray width in Zelkova Serrata

IAWA Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryouta Tsuchiya ◽  
Ikuo Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Vessel Lumen ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Maturation Age ◽  
Stem Increment ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

This study describes radial variation in fibre length, vessel element length, vessel lumen diameter, and ray width (number of cells) in relation to the developmental stages in radial stem increment in Zelkova serrata trees. Maturation age (the age at which the size of the wood elements is stabilized) was compared to the ages at the boundary between the early and middle stages (age t1), and the middle and late stages (age t2) of radial stem increment. The maturation age was estimated by nonlinear segmented regression analysis. Ages t1 and t2 were estimated by the Gompertz growth function. The maturation age for the length of axial elements (wood fibres and vessel elements) was not related to either age t1 or age t2. However, the maturation ages for vessel lumen diameter and ray width were close, and both were related to age t2. This indicates that the maturation of vessel lumen diameter and ray width was synchronized and both were related to the stage of radial stem increment.

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