Comparative wood anatomy of root and stem of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae)

Root and stem wood anatomy of C. myrianthum (Verbenaceae) from a semideciduous seasonal forest in Botucatu municipality (22º52’20”S and 48º26’37”W), São Paulo state, Brazil, were studied. Growth increments demarcated by semi-ring porosity and marginal bands of axial parenchyma were observed in the wood of both root and stem. Many qualitative features were the same in both root and stem: fine helical thickenings, and simple and multiple perforation plates in vessel elements; large quantities of axial parenchyma in the growth rings, grading from marginal bands and confluent forming irregular bands in earlywood to lozenge aliform in latewood; axial parenchyma cells forked, and varied wall projections and undulations; septate fibres; forked and diverse fibre endings. Quantitative features differing between root and stem wood were evaluated using student’s t-test, and vessel frequency, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray height, and vulnerability and mesomorphy indices differed significantly. Root wood had lower frequency of vessels, narrower and longer vessel elements, and taller rays than wood of the stem. The calculated vulnerability and mesomorphy indices indicated that C. myrianthum plants are mesomorphic. Roots seem to be more susceptible to water stress than the stem.

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Anatomía de la madera de las especies mexicanas de Salvia sección Erythrostachys Epl. (Lamiaceae)

Botanical Sciences ◽

10.17129/botsci.1704 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Jacqueline Ceja-Romero ◽

Carmen de la Paz Pérez-Olvera ◽

Jesús Rivera-Tapia

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Starch Grains ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Two Samples ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

The wood anatomy of Salvia pubescens, S. regla, and S. sessei is described. These species are included within the section Erythrostachys, subgenus Calosphace, genus Salvia. Two samples were collected for each species to obtain permanent slides. Transverse, radial and tangential sections were used to describe the anatomy of each taxon. The wood has ring porosity, the tangential vessel diameter is small (34-85 μm), the vessel elements are short (94-257 μm) with alternate pitting, helical thickenings and simple perforation plates. Vasicentric tracheids are present. Axial parenchyma is paratracheal scanty, apotracheal diffuse, and marginal. Rays are uniseriate and multiseriate, heterogeneous, aggregate and non aggregate. Libriform fibers are septate and non septate. Gums, tyloses, starch grains and prismatic crystals were observed. These features agree with previous reports for the genus.

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Wood Anatomy of the Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000032 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 399-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Elisabeth A. Wheeler ◽

Sung Jae Lee ◽

Pieter Baas

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

New Combination ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Perforation Plate ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomical data for all three extant genera of the Altingiaceae and 23 of the 27 extant genera of the Hamamelidaceae were compiled in an effort to find features distinctive to genera, tribes, or subfamilies within these families. All genera studied have diffuse porous wood (except Corylopsis which tends to be semi-ring porous), vessels are predominantly solitary and narrow (<100 μm, usually <50 μm) and angular in outline, vessel elements are long (>800 μm) with scalariform perforation plates with average bar numbers of 9–44, intervessel pits are mainly scalariform to opposite, vessel-ray parenchyma pits are scalariform with slightly reduced borders and usually are in the square to upright marginal ray parenchyma cells, rays are heterocellular and narrow, usually 1–3-seriate. Although the wood anatomy of both families is relatively homogeneous, it is possible to key out many genera using a combination of qualitative (presence/absence and location of helical thickenings in vessel elements and fibers, crystal occurrence, axial parenchyma abundance, degree of ray heterogeneity) and quantitative features (number of bars per perforation plate and ray width). Helical thickenings are present throughout the vessel elements in three genera (Loropetalum, Altingia, Semiliquidambar) and are restricted to the vessel element tails in two genera (Corylopsis, Liquidambar). Loropetalum has helical thickenings in ground tissue fibers as well. Axial parenchyma abundance varies from scarce to relatively abundant diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates. One clade of the tribe Fothergilleae (Distylium, Distyliopsis, Sycopsis, Shaniodendron, Parrotia, Parrotiopsis) has more abundant axial parenchyma and is characterized by narrow, usually interrupted bands of apotracheal parenchyma. Nearly exclusively uniseriate rays occur in some species of Hamamelis and in Exbucklandia, Chunia, Dicoryphe, and Fothergilla. These data on extant Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae not only provide information relevant for systematic, phylogenetic and ecological wood anatomy and wood identification, but also give context for reviewing the fossil woods assigned to them. A new combination is proposed for the Miocene Liquidambar hisauchii (Watari) Suzuki & Watari from Japan: Altingia hisauchii (Watari) Wheeler, Baas & Lee.

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Using Lenses Attached to a Smartphone as a Macroscopic Early Warning Tool in the Illegal Timber Trade, in Particular for CITES-Listed Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11111147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1147

Author(s):

Paloma de Palacios ◽

Luis G. Esteban ◽

Peter Gasson ◽

Francisco García-Fernández ◽

Antonio de Marco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Warning ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

International Treaties ◽

Protected Species ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Timber Trade ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomy is a key discipline as a tool for monitoring the global timber trade, particularly for wood listed in protected species conventions such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). One of the main barriers to reducing illegal trafficking of protected species is ensuring that customs officials with appropriate training in wood anatomy are equipped with simple tools, at both the origin and destination of shipments, so they can raise an early warning about wood suspected of contravening international treaties and immediately send samples to a specialised laboratory. This work explains how lenses attached to a smartphone, capable of achieving up to 400× magnification using the phone digital zoom, can be used to distinguish features that are not visible with traditional 10× or 12× lenses, enhancing the capacity to view features not typically observable in the field. In softwoods, for example, this method permits determination of the type of axial parenchyma arrangement, whether there are helical thickenings in axial tracheids and whether axial tracheids have organic deposits or contain alternate polygonal pits, and in the rays, if the tracheids are smooth-walled or dentate and if the cross-field pits are window-like. In hardwoods, it allows verification of the presence of tyloses and deposits in vessels, the type of perforation plates and whether the intervascular pitting is scalariform; in the rays it is possible to differentiate the types of ray cells; and in the axial parenchyma, to determine the presence of oil cells. In addition, unlike macroscopic analysis with a conventional magnifying lens, this type of lens can be used with the appropriate mobile application for the biometry of important elements such as ray height and vessel diameter.

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Eco-Anatomical Wood Features of Species from a Very Dry Tropical Forest

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001370 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 361-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Helga Lindorf

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forest ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Deep Roots ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Hydraulic Safety

In 19 species of a very dry forest in Venezuela vessel diameter, vessel frequency, vessel grouping, vessel element length, and intervessel pit size, were studied and compared with data from other habitats. A predominance of characters that presumably contribute to hydraulic safety was observed: numerous grouped vessels of small diameter, short vessel elements, and minute intervessel pits. In some species, a xeromorphic wood anatomy coexists together with adaptations such as deciduousness, xeromorphic foliage, deep or superficially-extended roots, and succulence. In other species studied, the presence of xerophytic adaptations such as assimilating stems, succulence, and deep roots, seem to mitigate the xeromorphic wood appearance and, to some extent, lend it a mesomorphic character.

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Wood Anatomy of Lecythidaceae Species called “Tauari”

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000046 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 97-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rocío A. Bernal ◽

Vera Coradin ◽

José Camargos ◽

Cecília Costa ◽

José Pissarra

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Important Group ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Microscopic Features ◽

Anatomical Characters ◽

Important Character

Woods from an important group of Lecythidaceae species called “tauari” can hardly be identified in the field by their gross and general features. In this study we show that, when properly delimited to the genera Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari, wood anatomical characteristics can be used to identify the species known as “tauari”, even though it is not possible to separate all species. In addition to anatomical characters, wood colour is an important character to help distinguish species of Cariniana and Allantoma from species of Couratari. Detailed wood anatomical descriptions from “tauari” woods Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari are given and a table with diagnostic differences is presented. Common characters of this group are axial parenchyma in narrow continuous bands, prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells and silica bodies in ray cells. Microscopic features that help in species identification are: fibre pitting (minutely or distinctly bordered), traumatic intercellular canals, average vessel diameter, vessel element length, axial parenchyma strand length, and ray height and width.

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Wood Anatomy of Argophyllaceae (Asterales): Adaptation in a Small Clade

Aliso ◽

10.5642/aliso.20213801.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 62-75

Author(s):

Sherwin Carlquist ◽

Mark Olson

Keyword(s):

Vessel Diameter ◽

Single Family ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Ecological Adaptations ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings ◽

Mild Drought

Argophyllaceae (Argophyllum, 14 spp.; Corokia, 6 spp.; Lautea, 1 sp.), are shrubs that occur in the southwestern Pacific and eastern Australia. They occur in habitats where moisture is relatively common but dry days and mild frost may occur. The woods of these genera show enough distinctive features to justify their grouping in a single family: perforation plates with 10–20 bars, vessel elements narrow and numerous per mm2, imperforate tracheary elements about 50% longer than the vessel elements, axial parenchyma scarce, diffuse, multiseriate rays narrow and heterocellular (upright cells common in uniseriate rays), crystals absent, gum deposits common. These features group the genera of Argophyllaceae more closely with each other than with the nearest families in Asterales (Alseuosmiaceae, Phellinaceae). Probable apomorphies of the genera include helical thickenings in vessels and tracheids, together with abundant tracheids and rare septate fiber-tracheids (Corokia); almost total absence of axial parenchyma and tracheids combined with maximal abundance of septate fiber-tracheids and no helical thickenings (Argophyllum, Lautea). Lautea, formerly included within Corokia, has floral and foliar distinctions and is endemic to a single island, Rapa Iti. Woods of Argophyllaceae are alike in their ecological adaptations (perforation plates, vessel diameter and density) but the presence of tracheids and helical thickenings in Corokia suggest adaptations to frost and mild drought. As expected, vessels group more prominently in the tracheid-free species (Argophyllum, Lautea) but very little in the tracheid-rich genus Corokia.

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Wood Anatomy of Elm (Ulmus) and Hackberry (Celtis) Species Native to the United States

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001106 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 5-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

E. A. Wheeler ◽

C. A. LaPasha ◽

R. B. Miller

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Pore Diameter ◽

Water Extract ◽

The United States ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Ulmus Americana ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Celtis Pallida ◽

Diffuse Porous

Wood anatomy of Ulmus and Celtis species (Ulmaceae) native to the United States is described. Ulmus differs from ring-porous species of Celtis in ray structure, crystallocation, and colour and fluorescence of water extracts. The soft elms/non-winged bark species (Ulmus americana and Ulmus rubra) differ from the hard elms/winged bark species (U. alata, U. crassifolia, U. serotina, and U. thomasii) in density, earlywood pore diameter, and appearance of crystal-containing axial parenchyma. Some species of hard elm can be distinguished from one another by a combination of characters: water extract colour and fluorescence, earlywood pore diameter and spacing. The anatomy of ring-porous species of Celtis is unifonn, except that in C. reticulata earlywood pores have a smaller radial diameter than the other species. Celtis pallida is diffuse-porous and resembles other diffuse-porous species of the genus. Vessel element lengths are similar for all species within these two genera regardless of habitat.

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WOOD ANATOMY OF THE VANGUERIEAE (IXOROIDEAERUBIACEAE), WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SOME GEOFRUTICES

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000260 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 443-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Frederic Lens ◽

Steven Jansen ◽

Elmar Robbrecht ◽

Erik Smets

Keyword(s):

Pacific Ocean ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Underground Structures ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Tropical Asia ◽

Primary Xylem ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Pacific Ocean

The Vanguerieae is a tribe consisting of about 500 species ordered in 27 genera. Although this tribe is mainly represented in Africa and Madagascar, Vanguerieae also occur in tropical Asia, Australia, and the isles of the Pacific Ocean. This study gives a detailed wood anatomical description of 34 species of 15 genera based on LM and SEM observations. The secondary xylem is homogeneous throughout the tribe and fits well into the Ixoroideae s.l. on the basis of fibre-tracheids and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma. The Vanguerieae include numerous geofrutices that are characterised by massive woody branched or unbranched underground parts and slightly ramified unbranched aboveground twigs. The underground structures of geofrutices are not homologous; a central pith is found in three species (Fadogia schmitzii, Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri and Tapiphyllum cinerascens var. laetum), while Fadogiella stigmatoloba shows central primary xylem which is characteristic of roots. Comparison of underground versus aboveground wood shows anatomical differences in vessel diameter and in the quantity of parenchyma and fibres.

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WOOD ANATOMY OF SEVEN SPECIES KNOWN AS "PAU-PARA-TUDO" IN BRAZIL

CERNE ◽

10.1590/01047760201622032119 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 261-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claúdia Luizon Dias Leme

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Plant Species ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Drimys Brasiliensis ◽

Perforation Plates

ABSTRACT Different medicinal plant species can be sold under the same common name. Considering the importance of the correct identification, this study aims to separate, using wood anatomy, seven species popularly known as pau-para-tudo. The results show that Drimys brasiliensis is separated from the others by the presence of tracheids. Capsicodendron dinisii hhas scalariform perforation plates and oil cells associated with the axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma paratracheal vasicentric and in marginal bands beyond the rays' width, can separate Osteophoeum platyspermum from Simaba cedron. Handroanthus serratifolius has the unique presence of the axial unilateral paratracheal parenchyma and storied cell elements (parenchyma, fibers and vessel elements). Rauvolfia sellowii and Leptolobium dasycarpum can be separated by the number of square/upright marginal ray cells, greater in Rauvolfia sellowii. Thus, this work shows that wood anatomy is a valuable tool for species separation, helps with the identification and consequently is important for the quality control of plant product.

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Effect of Neofabraea Alba on Bark and Wood Anatomy of Fraxinus Spp

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000163 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 409-418

Author(s):

Guillermo Angeles ◽

Gerard C. Adams ◽

Melodie L. Putnam

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Fungal Disease ◽

Northeastern North America ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Nursery Stock ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Cambial Cells ◽

Parenchyma Tissue

The anatomy of an unusual canker on Fraxinus spp. was investigated with elastomer microcasts. The canker was caused by a new fungal disease, 'Coin Canker of Ash', affecting nursery stock in Northeastern North America. Cankers on bark surfaces were remarkably round and coppercolored. Diseased areas of stems had non-parallel orientations of axial parenchyma tissue as well as of the rays, vessel elements and fibers in contrast to healthy areas. Bark in diseased areas of stems was eroded beneath the surface and a callus was produced along the margins of damage that filled the cavity of eroded tissue. Diseased areas had large aggregates of sclereids compared to healthy areas. Ray initials in diseased areas of the stem were shorter, multiseriate and 3–10 or more cells in width compared to the longer uni- and biseriate initials in healthy areas. Wood in diseased areas had circular vessels in tangential view due to a change in the shapes of individual vessel elements, compared to parallel and straight vessels in healthy areas. Individual elements became spindleshaped and gave rise to zigzag vessels. The fungal pathogen, Neofabraea alba, appeared to alter the way in which cambial cells differentiated.

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