Chemosystematic studies in the genus Picea (Pinaceae). IV. The introgression of white and Engelmann spruce as found along the Bow River

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 901-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Ogilvie ◽  
E. von Rudloff

The leaf oil of the spruces found along the Bow River from the foothills to Bow Summit was analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. The terpene distribution patterns obtained were compared with the morphological data derived from the cones and twigs of the same trees. The results obtained confirm that typical white spruce occurs at low elevation whereas active hybridization with Engelmann spruce occurs at levels above 5000 ft. Although the trees at the timberline (7200 ft) had predominantly Engelmann spruce characteristics, much variation from tree to tree was encountered. In the terpene composition the quantitative variation was too large to permit conclusions about a typical Engelmann spruce terpene distribution pattern.


1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1703-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Von Rudloff

The leaf oils from white and black spruce obtained from different locations in Western and Eastern Canada, Michigan, and Minnesota, have been analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Both species were found to have a remarkably consistent and distinctive distribution pattern of the leaf oil terpenes. The quantitative variations encountered in samples of the same species from different populations are relatively small and ecological differences are not found to affect the leaf oil composition. Hence, analysis of spruce leaf oils appears to be highly suitable for a study of introgression and hybridization.



1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. VON RUDLOFF

The leaf oils from Sitka and Engelmann spruce were obtained in 0.36 and 0.094% yield respectively. The average percentage composition was determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Sitka spruce leaf oil was found to contain mainly d-myrcene (23.5%), l-piperitone (23.2%), and d-camphor (17.2%). Smaller amounts of 1,8-cineole, l-β-phellandrene, p-cymene, two aliphatic esters, d-bornyl acetate, d-borneol, and d-terpinen-4-ol were also isolated and several other esters appeared to be present in small amounts. Engelmann spruce leaf oil was found to contain mainly cis-hex-3-en-1-ol (18.5%), d-camphor (16.0%), d-bornyl acetate (8.6%), d-linalool (5.8%), and two unidentified compounds. Smaller amounts of myrcene, β-phellandrene, p-cymene, piperitone, and several sesquiterpenoids were also recorded. Tricyclene, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, 3-carene, limonene, γ-terpinene, and terpinolene were found in small amounts in both oils.Phylogenetic relationships between the different spruces and other conifers are discussed.



1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff ◽  
M. J. Holst

The terpene composition of the leaf oils of the Rosendahl spruce, white spruce, and black spruce as isolated from provenances derived from Cromwell, Minnesota, was determined by gas–liquid chromatography. The chemical composition was found to reflect the hybrid origin of the Rosendahl spruce. This confirms that the leaf oil composition of Picea species may serve as a biochemical character in chemo systematic studies.



1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 891-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff

The application of volatile leaf oil analyses in chemosystematic studies of North American spruces was investigated. The optimum conditions for sampling and recovery of oil from the foliage of local Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. were determined. Each oil was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas–liquid chromatography. Single needle analysis was also employed. No qualitative and relatively little quantitative variation was found to occur at different sides or heights of a single tree, between trees of different ages, nor at different harvest times between late summer and early winter. Hence, conditions have been found which give a characteristic terpene distribution pattern which may serve as an independent chemotaxonomic character.



1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Von Rudloff

The major components of the leaf oil of the Ashe juniper were found to be d-camphor (42.1 %), d-bornyl acetate (22.5%), d-limonene (8.4%), tricyclene (4.8%), d-camphene (4.4%), d-borneol (2.9%), p-cymene (2.8%), d-α-myrcene (1.8%), d-α-pinene (1.7%), and d-camphene hydrate (1.5%). This appears to be the first time that the latter alcohol has been isolated from a natural source. Smaller amounts of linalool, carvone, elemol, and traces of trans-2-methyl-6-methylene-3,7-octadien-2-ol were also identified. Several alcohols having terminal methylene groups were isolated in trace amounts.The monoterpenes found in this oil are not typical for the genus Juniperus and this result offers a unique chemical approach to the study of introgression of the Ashe juniper with other juniper species.



1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1890-1895 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff ◽  
F. M. Couchman

The neutral leaf oil of Rocky Mountain juniper was analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. d-Sabinene was found to be the major constituent (45.7%) and smaller amounts of d-limonene (11.4%), d-α-pinene (4.2%), γ-terpinene (1.15%), p-cymene (1.4%), l-linalool (1.2%), d-terpinen-4-ol (2.9%), citronellol (0.2%),l-β-elemene (0.2–0.3%), three isomeric cadinenes (2.7%), l-elemol (6.0%), and safrole (1.85%) were isolated. α-Thujene, camphene, car-3-ene, myrcene, α-terpinene, terpinolene, thujone, isothujone, methyl citronellate, sabinyl acetate, sabinol, geraniol, α- and δ-cadinol, and trans-isoeugenol were tentatively identified. An unidentified acetate (II) (4.7%) was isolated from the oxygenated sesquiterpene fraction and another appears to be present in trace amounts.The composition of the oils from the leaves of four local ornamental plants was found to differ significantly from that of the wild juniper.



1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Couchman ◽  
E. Von Rudloff

The neutral leaf oil of the creeping juniper from the Prairies was analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. d-Sabinene (36.5%) was found to be the major constituent, and smaller amounts of d-limonene (17.5%), p-cymene (3.0%), d-α-pinene (1.6%), γ-terpinene (0.4%), d-terpinen-4-ol (4.6%), linalool (0.8%), citronellol (0.8%), γ-cadinene (1.3%), l-elemol (3.8%), α-cadinol or γ-eudesmol (1.6%), and impure α-cyperone (3.9%) were isolated. α-Thujene (3.0%), camphene (0.2%), β-pinene (0.3%), myrcene (3.0%),β-phellandrene (0.2%,), terpinolene (0.1%), 2,4-(8)-p-menthadiene (0.1%), methyl citronellate (0.4%), and geraniol (0.2%) were tentatively identified. The composition of this oil closely resembles that of Rocky Mountain juniper leaves. A small amount of the oil from a hybrid of these two species was analyzed and the possibility of detecting hybridization by analysis of the leaf oil is discussed.



1974 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 645-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Alan Barbour ◽  
Richard V. Barbour ◽  
J. Claine Peterson


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 336-346
Author(s):  
Dhamon Oridilla B

Candi Village in Bandungan District is one of the Chili Supply Sub-district for Semarang Regency and surrounding area has agro-climate suitable for the development of various agricultural commodities supported by wide market opportunity, so it is suitable for agricultural business development. The purpose of this research is to identify the distribution pattern of red pepper, to know each value of commodity chains and distribution, to design alternative distribution pattern of red pepper.Population in this research is 88 respondents from 735 of member of chilli farmer in Desa Candi with total area of 150,3 hectare consisting of rice field, moor and yard. Methods of data analyst using quantitative approach is done by using Margin Marketing Analysis. The results include: (1) The pattern of distribution of existing farming business grows naturally in accordance with the developments and needs of the perpetrators, the actors in this pattern are farmers, wholesalers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, consumers. (2) The value of the red chili commodity chain in this naturally grown pattern often makes pricing more dominant by traders, so farmers receive prices slightly lower than market prices. (3) Some obstacles faced in distributing red peppers are the difficulty of changing the mindset of the community about advanced farming, this is best utilized by market participants (chain of distribution) who are more informed and always keep abreast of market dynamics. Conventional marketing pattern by farmer cause price level accepted by farmer in general relatively smaller compared to price received by trader. Suggestions shorten the chain of distribution patterns, increase the added value of products and improve the bargaining position of farmers and for the government always guide / accompany farmers in getting accurate market information, which can be used as farmers in bargaining, Increased market transparency can act as a trigger for the functioning of a market, improved competition and increased adaptation to meet the needs of supply and opportunity to compete with market prices. Desa Candi di Kabupaten Bandungan adalah salah satu Kecamatan Penyedia Cabai untuk Kabupaten Semarang dan sekitarnya memiliki agroklimat yang cocok untuk pengembangan berbagai komoditas pertanian yang didukung oleh peluang pasar yang luas, sehingga sangat cocok untuk pengembangan bisnis pertanian. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi pola distribusi cabai merah, untuk mengetahui masing-masing nilai rantai komoditas dan distribusi, untuk merancang alternatif pola distribusi cabai merah. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 88 responden dari 735 anggota petani cabai di Desa Candi dengan total luas 150,3 hektar yang terdiri dari sawah, tegalan dan pekarangan. Metode analis data menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan Analisis Pemasaran Margin. Hasil meliputi: (1) Pola distribusi usaha pertanian yang ada tumbuh secara alami sesuai dengan perkembangan dan kebutuhan pelaku, pelaku dalam pola ini adalah petani, pedagang besar, pengumpul, pedagang besar, pedagang besar, pengecer, konsumen. (2) Nilai rantai komoditas cabai merah dalam pola yang dikembangkan secara alami ini sering membuat penetapan harga lebih dominan oleh para pedagang, sehingga petani menerima harga yang sedikit lebih rendah daripada harga pasar. (3) Beberapa kendala yang dihadapi dalam mendistribusikan paprika merah adalah sulitnya mengubah pola pikir masyarakat tentang pertanian maju, hal ini paling baik digunakan oleh pelaku pasar (rantai distribusi) yang lebih banyak informasi dan selalu mengikuti perkembangan dinamika pasar. Pola pemasaran konvensional oleh petani menyebabkan tingkat harga yang diterima petani pada umumnya relatif lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan harga yang diterima pedagang. Saran mempersingkat rantai pola distribusi, meningkatkan nilai tambah produk dan meningkatkan posisi tawar petani dan bagi pemerintah selalu membimbing / menemani petani dalam mendapatkan informasi pasar yang akurat, yang dapat digunakan sebagai petani dalam tawar-menawar, Peningkatan transparansi pasar dapat bertindak sebagai pemicu berfungsinya pasar, meningkatnya kompetisi dan peningkatan adaptasi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasokan dan peluang untuk bersaing dengan harga pasar.



1971 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Moolenaar ◽  
A. P. van Seters

ABSTRACT The 17-oxosteroids were estimated in the urine of 27 patients with Cushing's syndrome by gas-liquid chromatography (G. L. C.). The values of the various steroid fractions are compared with those of normal subjects, patients with thyrotoxicosis and obese subjects. The effect of the age of the patients on the diagnostic value of the invidual 17-oxosteroids and their ratios is discussed.



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