Potential Bio-Fuel from Refinery Waste through Anaerobic Digestion

In this study we report biofuel potential in waste cake obtained from oil refinery. The sample was analyzed for its calorific value using auto bomb calorimeter (LECO AC-500), proximate analysis using Thermogravimetric analyzer (LECO 701) and elemental analysis using CHNS analyzer (LECO Tru-Spec). The elemental analysis of dry waste cake vs wet cake depicted the percentage composition of carbon (49.8%, 40.8%), hydrogen (7.9%, 6.0%), nitrogen (2.8%, 1.9%), Sulphur (1.9%, 0.5%) and oxygen content (37.6%, 40.4%). As for as the thermal degradation behavior of dry and wet cake in TGA is concerned, higher moisture contents (68.50%) found in wet cake and lower in dry cake (40.1%). Whereas the volatile matter in dry cake (30.9%) and low volatile in wet cake (14.3%). Similarly, %age of ash become high in dry cake (17.3%) and low in wet cake (5.11%). The results reflected that higher heating value of dry waste cake is higher (22.5 MJ/kg) than wet waste cake (20.5 MJ/kg) and commonly used sugarcane bagasse (17.88 MJ/kg).

Figure 15

15. The percentage composition of each street by holdings and rents in 1148 (cf. Tables 18 and 19)

Figure 14

14. The estates of the seven great fiefs in 1148 (a) The rent totals of each fief by streets (cf. Tables 11-14) (b) The percentage composition of each fief by streets (cf. Tables 16 and 17)

Wheat and White Sorghum Supernatants as Alternatives to Calotropis procera Extract in Making Cheese

Plant coagulant, animal rennet and microbial coagulant are used as milk coagulating agents resulting in different cheese products. However, emphasis has been on the use of plant coagulant as opposed to that from animal source, rennet. Alternative milk coagulants are therefore investigated instead of animal enzymes. The use of vegetable extracts as milk coagulants has evolved in soft cheese processing. This study explored the potential of plant coagulants as an ideal choice in the production of cheese. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the coagulants on the yield and proximate composition of cheese. To compare them with cheese coagulated with supernatants from fermented white sorghums (WSS) and wheat (WS) in the laboratory. The results were also compared with cheese coagulated with Calotropis procera leaf extract (CPE) in terms of yield, the percentage composition of total solids (TS), fat, protein, lactose ash and the pH of the cheeses. The same parameters were evaluated in the whey (by-product). The minerals, pH and the proximate components in WS and WSS were also compared. Maximum cheese yield was recorded at equal volumes of milk and coagulants. CPE was superior to these other two considering the constituents in all three cheeses. The chemical composition of CPE coagulant was superior to WS and WSS in terms of TS, fat, protein and ash but lower in moisture content compared with the other two. Protein content was higher in cheese prepared with CPE (22%) about six times the amount in raw milk and the least was WSS (12%). Moreover, the cheese made with CPE had the highest yield (31.76g) and differed significantly (P< 0.05) from WSS (28.87g) and WS (29.70g). Also, cheese made with WS (30.57g/ml) had the highest whey volume compared with WSS (28.11g/ml). However, increasing levels of each supernatant with a constant volume of raw milk (100ml) produced higher cheese yield at 100ml of the supernatant and 100ml of milk. Whey from WSS was the most acidic (5.85) of all the three produced but with increased acidity as the storage days increased. The study revealed that cheese with high nutritional quality can be produced with CPE, WSS and WS. The use of equal volume of coagulant (WSS or WS) to raw milk would give optimal cheese yield. This will promote the utilization of WSS and WS, which is naturally left as the waste product.

Storage Mycoflora in Sesame Seed Production in Benue State, Nigeria

Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is usually contaminated with many fungi where some of them are mycotoxigenic causing economic and health problems. This study investigated the percentage composition of fungi contamination of sesame seeds in Benue state Nigeria. Using direct plating technique; the study revealed twelve species of fungi contamination in sesame seed obtained in Benue State. The percentage occurrence of fungal isolates shows that Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were found in all the locations and their occurrence was significantly different (P≤0.05). The percentage contamination of Sesame samples collected from Otukpo LGA has the highest fungal (23.35%) contamination and was significantly higher (P≤0.05) from samples of other places whereas Sesame contamination from Gboko was the least with total percentage of (12.05%). In conclusion, considering the benefits of sesame, it is recommended that several treatments should be applied to reduce the levels of contamination in sesame seeds before consumption utilization such as environmental conditions leading to fungal proliferation (a high temperature, humidity, poor soil fertility, drought and insect damage). Also poor harvesting practices, unsuitable storage conditions, improper transportation, marketing and processing should be discouraged.

Phytochemical screening, quantification and correlation matrix of Nigerian medicinal plant: Waltheria americana

Background: Plant’s kingdom provides new and important leads against various pharmacological targets due to the current wide spread of belief that green medicine is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs. The medicinal property of plants step from their ability to synthesize aromatic substances and secondary metabolites that are potent bioactive compounds found in medicinal plant parts that are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs. In the present study, the leaf, stem, and root extracts of Waltheria americana were evaluated for phytochemical compositions and their correlation matrix. Methods: Quantitative and quantitative standard methods of analysis were used to evaluate the presence, amount, and the correlationships of the different phytochemicals in the leaf, root and stem of W. americana plant. Results: The quantitative phytochemicals percentage composition of W. americana varied with large ranges for alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, but short ranges occurred of terpenes and cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids had the highest percentage composition and cardiac glycosides showed the lowest for all the plant parts. The stem seems to be the major area of phytochemical production than other parts of the plant, indicating that the stem of W. americana could serve as a major source of phytochemicals in any herbal concoction. “The correlation” of phytochemical constituents, alkaloids and tannins in the leaf were positively and significantly correlated with cardiac glycosides in the stem at 95% confidence respectiely. However, no correlation was observed of any phytochemicals in the other plant. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the production, quantification, and distribution of these phytochemicals were complimentary in nature in Waltheria americana plant, and the shoot may have played a major role in this regard

Analysis of Solid Waste Composition and Management in Selected Markets and Residential Areas of Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna

Samples of Municipal solid waste from dumps situated within four (4) markets located at Kawo, Monday, Sabo Tasha and Mando respectively, and two (2) residential areas located at Kabala Costain and Anguwan Sanusi in Kaduna metropolis were collected and segregated into various classifiable bulks; Organic, Inorganic and bacteria flora of the dumps were compared between the two categories of land users. The results obtained showed that there was a wide variation in the composition of waste in these two land use areas, organic waste made up of plant matters (Leaves, Grasses, Stumps food residues, Vegetables and ash) in this study has the highest percentage composition (65%) in market areas and 35.6% in residential areas, for inorganic waste consisting of glass, papers, metal and plastics account for 35% in market areas. Bacteria isolates from the dumps with their respective percentage prevalence were: E. coli (88.90%), Staphylococcus aureus (81.7%), Salmonella (47.3%), Klebsiella sp (44.1%), Shigella sp (46.6%) and Proteus Sp (35.2%) in market areas while in residential area the bacteria isolates 7prevalence showed: (57.5%), (44.2%),(28.1%),(25.2%),(17.8%) and (14.4%) respectively.

Algebraic Rules for the Percentage Composition of Oligomers in Genomes

The article presents the author's results of studying hidden rules of structural organizations of long DNA sequences in eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. The results concern some rules of percentages (or probabilities) of n-plets in genomes. To reveal such rules, the author considers genomic DNA nucleotide sequences as multilayers sequences of n-plets and studies the percentage contents of n-plets in different layers. Unexpected rules of invariance of total sums of percentages in certain tetra-groupings of n-plets in different layers of genomic DNA sequences are revealed. These discovered rules are candidates for the role of universal genomic rules. A tensor family of matrix representations of interrelated DNA-alphabets of 4 nucleotides, 16 doublets, 64 triplets, and 256 tetraplets is used in the study. This matrix approach allows revealing algebraic properties of the mentioned genetic rules of probabilities, which are useful for developing algebraic and quantum biology. Some analogies of the discovered genetic phenomena with phenomena of Gestalt psychology are noted and discussed. The author connects the received results about the genomic percentages rules with a supposition of P. Jordan, who is one of the creators of quantum mechanics and quantum biology, that life's missing laws are the rules of chance and probability of the quantum world. Additional attention is paid to the algebraic features of the system of structured DNA alphabets and their relationship with the methods of algebraic holography, known in the technique of processing discrete signals. The concept of algebraic-holographic genetics is being developed for the understanding of inherited holographic properties of organisms.

Study on Zooplankton Diversity in A Fresh Water Pond (Raja Bandh) of Jamtara, Jharkhand, India

Zooplankton are cosmopolitan in nature and one of the most important ecological parameter in water quality assessment because they help in disposal of sewage and act as natural purifiers of water. Present study was carried out for a period of one-year from July 2018 to June 2019. The present study deals with Zooplankton diversity throughout the year in raja Bandh Pond of Jamtara, Jharkhand. The diversity of various types of zooplankton was studied and the result revealed that the zooplankton was represented by various genera viz., rotifera, cladocera, copepoda and ostracoda. Present study revealed 14 different species of zooplanktons belonging to 4 different classes namely 5 rotifers, 4 cladocerans, 3 copepods and 2 ostracod was observed. Rotifers were the dominant group of Zooplankton recorded with respect to diversity and population density status. Rotifers and Copepoda were the most dominant during summer than followed by Cladocerans and ostracodes. Present study revealed that the annual percentage composition comprises of 38 % rotifer, 26 % copepod, 20 %, cladocera and 16 % ostracoda respectively. Certain species viz, Brachionus sp, Daphnia sp, Cyclops sp, Cypris sp were recorded throughout the year.