Пословицы и поговорки с противительными союзами в русском языке: структурно-семантический аспект

Proverbs and Sayings With Adversative Conjunctions in the Russian Language: Structural and Semantic AspectsProverbs and sayings with adversative conjunctions in the Russian language fall into three categories: mono-, multi- and non-predicative structures. They are built according to various syntactic patterns, which proves that the spontaneity of their appearance in the language is not absolute but relative, as their formation is determined by specific laws of derivation. Russian proverbs and sayings with adversative conjunctions are based on contrast, contradiction and contrary expectation. The stylistic devices used in them, namely rhyme, personification, metaphor, metonymy, simile, gradation, chiasm, serve a number of functions. The structure of proverbs and sayings with adversative conjunctions is stable although their components are subject to morphemic, morphological, syntactic and quantitative variation. There are several synonymous and polysemous units among them, as well. Przysłowia i powiedzenia ze spójnikami przeciwstawnymi w języku rosyjskim. Aspekty strukturalno-semantyczneW języku rosyjskim można wyróżnić trzy kategorie powiedzeń i przysłów ze spójnikami przeciwstawnymi: struktury jedno- i wielopredykatowe oraz konstrukcje bez predykatu; są zbudowane według różnych wzorców składniowych, co dowodzi, że spontaniczność ich pojawiania się w języku nie jest absolutna, lecz względna, ponieważ ich tworzenie podlega określonym zasadom derywacji. Rosyjskie przysłowia i powiedzenia ze spójnikami przeciwstawnymi opierają się na kontraście, sprzeczności i przeciwnych oczekiwaniach. Zastosowane w nich środki stylistyczne – rym, personifikacja, metafora, metonimia, porównanie, gradacja, chiazm – pełnią różne funkcje. Struktura takich powiedzeń i przysłów jest stabilna, pomimo że ich składniki podlegają zmianom morfemicznym, morfologicznym, syntaktycznym i ilościowym. Występują wśród nich również jednostki synonimiczne i polisemiczne.

Transcriptome Reveals Allele Contribution to Heterosis in Maize

Heterosis, which has greatly increased maize yields, is associated with gene expression patterns during key developmental stages that enhance hybrid phenotypes relative to parental phenotypes. Before heterosis can be more effectively used for crop improvement, hybrid maize developmental gene expression patterns must be better understood. Here, six maize hybrids, including the popular hybrid Zhengdan958 (ZC) from China, were studied. Maize hybrids created in-house were generated using an incomplete diallel cross (NCII)-based strategy from four elite inbred parental lines. Differential gene expression (DEG) profiles corresponding to three developmental stages revealed that hybrid partial expression patterns exhibited complementarity of expression of certain parental genes, with parental allelic expression patterns varying both qualitatively and quantitatively in hybrids. Single-parent expression (SPE) and parent-specific expression (PSE) types of qualitative variation were most prevalent, 43.73 and 41.07% of variation, respectively. Meanwhile, negative super-dominance (NSD) and positive super-dominance (PSD) types of quantitative variation were most prevalent, 31.06 and 24.30% of variation, respectively. During the early reproductive growth stage, the gene expression pattern differed markedly from other developmental stage patterns, with allelic expression patterns during seed development skewed toward low-value parental alleles in hybrid seeds exhibiting significant quantitative variation-associated superiority. Comparisons of qualitative gene expression variation rates between ZC and other hybrids revealed proportions of SPE-DEGs (41.36%) in ZC seed DEGs that significantly exceeded the average proportion of SPE-DEGs found in seeds of other hybrids (28.36%). Importantly, quantitative gene expression variation rate comparisons between ZC and hybrids, except for transgressive expression, revealed that the ZC rate exceeded the average rate for other hybrids, highlighting the importance of partial gene expression in heterosis. Moreover, enriched ZC DEGs exhibiting distinct tissue-specific expression patterns belonged to four biological pathways, including photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, biology metabolism and biosynthesis. These results provide valuable technical insights for creating hybrids exhibiting strong heterosis.

Sentence and the compound sentencein Julius Zeyer’s epic poetry and prose

The aim of this paper is to explore the use of the sentence and the compound sentence in the literary works of the Czech poet Julius Zeyer (1841–1901). Specifically, we intend to make a quantitative identification of congruencies and parallels, typical of the syntactic structure of Zeyer’s epic poetry and prose, as evidenced by a detailed analysis of particular stylistic devices used in the selected representative texts. The aim of this paper is to corroborate, or possibly to exclude, the impact of the selected narrative means of expression on the stylistic and compositional variances of the text, which is facilitated by paying full attention to one aspect of Zeyer’s authorial style, namely, the quantitative variation of sentences and compound sentences.

Autosomal recessive loci contribute significantly to quantitative variation of male fertility in a dairy cattle population

Background Cattle are ideally suited to investigate the genetics of male fertility. Semen from individual bulls is used for thousands of artificial inseminations for which the fertilization success is monitored. Results from the breeding soundness examination and repeated observations of semen quality complement the fertility evaluation for each bull. Results In a cohort of 3881 Brown Swiss bulls that had genotypes at 683,609 SNPs, we reveal four novel recessive QTL for male fertility on BTA1, 18, 25, and 26 using haplotype-based association testing. A QTL for bull fertility on BTA1 is also associated with sperm head shape anomalies. All other QTL are not associated with any of the semen quality traits investigated. We perform complementary fine-mapping approaches using publicly available transcriptomes as well as whole-genome sequencing data of 125 Brown Swiss bulls to reveal candidate causal variants. We show that missense or nonsense variants in SPATA16, VWA3A, ENSBTAG00000006717 and ENSBTAG00000019919 are in linkage disequilibrium with the QTL. Using whole-genome sequence data, we detect strong association (P = 4.83 × 10− 12) of a missense variant (p.Ile193Met) in SPATA16 with male fertility. However, non-coding variants exhibit stronger association at all QTL suggesting that variants in regulatory regions contribute to variation in bull fertility. Conclusion Our findings in a dairy cattle population provide evidence that recessive variants may contribute substantially to quantitative variation in male fertility in mammals. Detecting causal variants that underpin variation in male fertility remains difficult because the most strongly associated variants reside in poorly annotated non-coding regions.

Autosomal recessive loci contribute significantly to quantitative variation of male fertility in a dairy cattle population

Cattle are ideally suited to investigate the genetics of male fertility. Semen from individual bulls is used for thousands of artificial inseminations for which the fertilization success is monitored. In a cohort of 3881 bulls that had genotypes at 589,791 SNPs, we reveal four novel recessive QTL for male fertility using haplotype-based association testing. We detect either missense or nonsense variants in SPATA16, VWA3A, ENSBTAG00000006717 and ENSBTAG00000019919 that are in linkage disequilibrium with the QTL. A QTL for bull fertility on BTA1 is also associated with sperm head shape anomalies. Using whole-genome sequence and transcriptome data, we prioritise a missense variant (p.Ile193Met) in SPATA16 as candidate causal variant underlying this QTL. Our findings in a dairy cattle population provide evidence that recessive variants may contribute substantially to quantitative variation in male fertility in mammals.

Pistis, Persuasion, and Logos in Aristotle

The core sense of pistis as understood in Posterior Analytics, De Anima, and the Rhetoric is not that of a logical relation in which cognitively grasped propositions stand in respect to one another, but the result of an act of socially embedded interpersonal communication, a willing acceptance of guidance offered in respect to action. Even when pistis seems to have an exclusively epistemological sense, this focal meaning of pistis is implicit; to have pistis in a proposition is to willingly accept that proposition as a basis for some kind of activity (albeit possibly theoretical) as a result of some kind of communicative act. This is in accordance with Aristotle’s understanding of argumentation as a social practice, entered into in order lead others to certain actions, for certain ends. Understanding pistis in this way allows us to understand how it is that pistis admits of quantitative variation.

A copia-like retrotransposon insertion in the upstream region of the SHATTERPROOF1 gene, BnSHP1.A9, is associated with quantitative variation in pod shattering resistance in oilseed rape

Seed loss resulting from pod shattering is a major constraint in production of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pod shatter resistance are not well understood. Here, we show that the pod shatter resistance at quantitative trait locus qSRI.A9.1 is controlled by one of the B. napus SHATTERPROOF1 homologs, BnSHP1.A9, in a doubled haploid population generated from parents designated R1 and R2 as well as in a diverse panel of oilseed rape. The R1 maternal parental line of the doubled haploid population carried the allele for shattering at qSRI.A9.1, while the R2 parental line carried the allele for shattering resistance. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that BnSHP1.A9 was expressed specifically in flower buds, flowers, and developing siliques in R1, while it was not expressed in any tissue of R2. Transgenic plants constitutively expressing either of the BnSHP1.A9 alleles from the R1 and R2 parental lines showed that both alleles are responsible for pod shattering, via a mechanism that promotes lignification of the enb layer. These findings indicated that the allelic differences in the BnSHP1.A9 gene per se are not the causal factor for quantitative variation in shattering resistance at qSRI.A9.1. Instead, a highly methylated copia-like long terminal repeat retrotransposon insertion (4803 bp) in the promotor region of the R2 allele of BnSHP1.A9 repressed the expression of BnSHP1.A9, and thus contributed to pod shatter resistance. Finally, we showed a copia-like retrotransposon-based marker, BnSHP1.A9R2, can be used for marker-assisted breeding targeting the pod shatter resistance trait in oilseed rape.