The Galium aparine complex in Canada

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 877-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Galium Aparine ◽  
Prairie Provinces

The occurrence in Canada of Galium aparine sensu lato has been studied. It is concluded that two species are present: G. aparine L. sensu stricto (Cleavers) and G. spurium L. (False Cleavers). Although closely related and morphologically similar, these species differ morphologically, cytologically, and physiologically. The chromosome number of collections of G. aparine from Canada and the United States was found to be 2n = 66, that of G. spurium from the prairie provinces of Canada was 2n = 20. The latter species is an introduction from Eurasia and seems to be the more serious weed in fields of grain and rapeseed in western Canada. Galium aparine is believed to be native, as well as introduced from Eurasia, in North America. Galium aparine occurs usually in moist, shaded habitats, whereas G. spurium favors sunnier habitats. Both species have spiny or smooth fruits and these fruit variants have been recognized at various taxonomic levels. In this paper they are reduced to the rank of form.

scholarly journals Trichothecene Genotype of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Soybean (Glycine max) Seedling and Root Diseases in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1012-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Ellis ◽  
G. P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Host Shift ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
The Third

Fusarium graminearum is an economically important pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight of wheat, barley, and oat, and Gibberella ear and stalk rot of maize. More recently, F. graminearum was reported as a soybean seedling and root pathogen in North America (1,5), causing seed decay, damping-off, and brown to reddish-brown root rot symptoms. Type B trichothecene mycotoxins are commonly produced by F. graminearum, which can be categorized into three trichothecene genotypes; those that produce 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), or nivalenol (NIV). The 15-ADON genotype is dominant in populations from small grains and maize in North America (4), but the 3-ADON genotype has recently been found (4). F. graminearum was known as a pathogen of wheat and maize in North America for over a century before it was reported as a soybean pathogen. Therefore, we hypothesized that recent reports on soybean could be associated with the appearance of the 3-ADON genotype. The objective of this research was to determine the trichothecene genotype of F. graminearum isolates from soybean in the United States. Thirty-eight isolates from soybean were evaluated. Twenty-seven isolates came from a 3-year survey for Fusarium root rot from 2007 to 2009 in Iowa. Other isolates (Ahmad Fakhoury, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale) were collected from soybean seedlings during a multi-state survey in 2012, and included three isolates from Illinois, three from Indiana, and five from Nebraska. Species identification and lineage of F. graminearum were confirmed by sequencing the translation elongation factor gene (EF1-α) using EF-1H and EF-2T primers. A maximum likelihood analysis of the EF1-α, including voucher strains from nine lineages of F. graminearum (2), placed all 38 isolates into lineage 7, F. graminearum sensu stricto (representative GenBank accessions KJ415349 to KJ415352). To determine the trichothecene genotype of each isolate we used three multiplex PCR assays. The first two assays targeted a portion of trichothecene biosynthesis genes Tri3 and Tri12 (4), while the third assay targeted portions of the Tri3, Tri5, and Tri7 genes (3). The PCR for the first two assays was conducted as described by Ward et al. (4) using four sets of primers: 3CON, 3NA, 3D15A, and 3D3A; and 12CON, 12NF, 12-15F, and 12-3F for the Tri3 and Tri12 genes, respectively. The PCR for the third assay was conducted as described by Quarta et al. (3) using the following primers: Tri3F971, Tri3F1325, Tri3R1679, Tri7F340, Tri7R965, 3551H, and 4056H. The amplification products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. All 38 isolates produced amplicons consistent with the 15-ADON genotype; ~610 and 670 bp for the Tri3 and Tri12 genes, respectively (4), and two amplicons of ~708 and 525 bp for the Tri3/Tri5 genes (3). Our results indicated that the dominant trichothecene genotype among isolates of F. graminearum from soybean is 15-ADON, and the introduction of 3-ADON isolates does not explain the recent host shift of F. graminearum to soybean in North America. To our knowledge, this is the first assessment of trichothecene genotypes in F. graminearum populations from soybean from the United States. References: (1) K. E. Broders et al. Plant Dis. 91:1155, 2007. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Fungal Gen. Biol. 41:600, 2004. (3) A. Quarta et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 259:7, 2006. (4) T. D. Ward et al. Fungal Gen. Biol. 45:473, 2008. (5) A. G. Zue et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 29:35, 2007.

scholarly journals First Report of Puccinia coronata var. coronata sensu stricto Infecting Alder Buckthorn in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-86
Author(s):  
Shawn C. Kenaley ◽  
Geoffrey Ecker ◽  
Gary C. Bergstrom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Puccinia Coronata ◽  
First Report

Field symptoms, host distribution, pathogen morphology, and phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrated that the rust fungus infecting alder buckthorn in Connecticut is Puccinia coronata var. coronata sensu stricto. To our knowledge, this is the first report and confirmation of P. coronata var. coronata s.s. in the United States. Additional collections from purported aecial and telial hosts of P. coronata var. coronata s.s. are necessary to determine its host range, geographic distribution, and incidence within the United States and elsewhere in North America.

The genus Gastrosporium in North America

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-368
Author(s):  
Orson K. Miller Jr. ◽  
W. Blain Askew
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Calcium Deposits

Calvatia defodiodis Lloyd (Disciseda defodiodis (Lloyd) Zeller) has been found to be conspecific with Gastrosporium simplex Matt. Previously known only from Europe, G. simplex is reported from western Canada and the United States. Distinctive features are the low warted surface of the spores, distinctive calcium deposits in the exoperidium, a gelatinized endoperidium, and a paracapillitium with clamp connections. Information on its known range in North America, microhabitats in which it grows, and its relationship to other Gasteromycetes is presented.

The cytotaxonomy of Solidago nemoralis (Compositae: Astereae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2065-2069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Brammall ◽  
John C. Semple
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evolutionary Strategy ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Eastern Deciduous Forest ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Cytotype Distribution

Chromosome number determinations were made from 218 populations of Solidago nemoralis collected throughout the range of the species in Canada and the United States. All individuals of ssp. decemflora were tetraploid (2n = 36; 28 populations); these came from the prairies and adjacent eastern deciduous forest states and provinces. The majority of the collections of ssp. nemoralis were diploid (2n = 18; 161 populations) and came from throughout the eastern deciduous forest region of eastern North America. Tetraploids (2n = 36; 29 populations) of ssp. nemoralis were less frequent and occurred scattered across the eastern and northern portions of the range of the subspecies. The cytotype distribution pattern of the two subspecies of Solidago nemoralis is representative of what appears to be a frequent evolutionary strategy in the goldenrods.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Aspects of Emerging Lyme Disease in Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 7350-7359 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Ogden ◽  
E. J. Feil ◽  
P. A. Leighton ◽  
L. R. Lindsay ◽  
G. Margos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
North America ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects

ABSTRACTIn North America, Lyme disease (LD) is a tick-borne zoonosis caused by the spirochete bacteriumBorrelia burgdorferisensu stricto, which is maintained by wildlife. Tick vectors and bacteria are currently spreading into Canada and causing increasing numbers of cases of LD in humans and raising a pressing need for public health responses. There is no vaccine, and LD prevention depends on knowing who is at risk and informing them how to protect themselves from infection. Recently, it was found in the United States that some strains ofB. burgdorferisensu strictocause severe disease, whereas others cause mild, self-limiting disease. While many strains occurring in the United States also occur in Canada, strains in some parts of Canada are different from those in the United States. We therefore recognize a need to identify which strains specific to Canada can cause severe disease and to characterize their geographic distribution to determine which Canadians are particularly at risk. In this review, we summarize the history of emergence of LD in North America, our current knowledge ofB. burgdorferisensu strictodiversity, its intriguing origins in the ecology and evolution of the bacterium, and its importance for the epidemiology and clinical and laboratory diagnosis of LD. We propose methods for investigating associations betweenB. burgdorferisensu strictodiversity, ecology, and pathogenicity and for developing predictive tools to guide public health interventions. We also highlight the emergence ofB. burgdorferisensu strictoin Canada as a unique opportunity for exploring the evolutionary aspects of tick-borne pathogen emergence.

ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: VI. A SUMMARY OF THE PRECEDING FIVE PAPERS

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Freeman ◽  
G. W. Stehr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Mountainous Regions

Although additional papers of this series are in preparation, it is considered appropriate to publish the completed ones at this time and to present this interim, tabulated, summary of the preceding five papers to assist the reader in the recognition of the forms with which we have already dealt. Other forms occur on conifers in the mountainous regions of western Canada and the United States that are not well known taxonomically. When studies on them are completed, it is the intention to prepare a final summary of all work that has been done on this subject.

Cytotaxonomy of some Cirsium species of the eastern United States, with a key to eastern species

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1257-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Moore ◽  
C. Frankton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eastern Species

The morphology and chromosome number of nine species of Cirsium of eastern North America are considered. Chromosome counts are presented for the first time for C. iowense, 2n = 18; C. lecontei, 2n = 32; C. nuttallii, 2n = 24, 28; C. repandum, 2n = 30; C. smallii, 2n = 34; C. engelmannii, 2n = 20; C. texanum, 2n = 22, 24; C. virginianum, 2n = 28. Additional chromosomes, possibly to be considered as accessories, were found in C. nuttallii, C. engelmannii, and C. texanum. These chromosomes render uncertain the number characteristic of these species. A key to the 26 native and introduced species found in Canada and the United States east of 100° west latitude is presented. The interrelationships of the eastern species and of the species of the western series Undulata are discussed.

The History of Russian Pigweed, Axyris amaranthoides (Chenopodiaceae, Atripliceae), in North America

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prairie Provinces

Herbarium records indicate that Russian pigweed (Axyris amaranthoides L.) entered the flora of Manitoba in 1886, spreading from there, by its own devices and by secondary introductions, to other provinces of Canada and to the United States. It is best established (to the extent of being considered a weed) in North Dakota and the prairie provinces of Canada.

THE PEA APHID PARASITE APHIDIUS SMITHI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), FOUND IN ALBERTA

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 1296-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Harper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Aphid Parasite ◽  
Important Parasite

Aphidius smithi Sharma and Subba Rao is the most important parasite of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphum pisum (Harris), in North America. In 1958, it was imported into the United States from India to control the pea aphid and was subsequently released and recovered in most of continental United States except the Gulf Coast States and Texas (Halfhill et al. 1972). Mackauer and Finlayson (1967) reported that the parasite was present in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia and had been released but not recovered in Nova Scotia. A. smithi has never been released in western Canada nor been found on the Canadian prairies before 1970.

Cytogenetic studies of alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) strains (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Hsiao ◽  
T. H. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
The United States ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Alfalfa Weevil ◽  
Hypera Postica ◽  
C Banding ◽  
State College ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies

Chromosome karyotypes, chiasma frequencies, and Giemsa C-banding patterns were analyzed from eight weevil populations: three of the eastern strain (Beltsville, MD; State College, PA; and Washington Co., IL) and two of the western strain (Logan and St. George, UT) of the alfalfa weevil, two of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil (Yuma, AZ and Westmorland, CA), and one weevil population from Wageningen, Netherlands. All of these weevil populations have the same chromosome number, 2n = 20 + XYp, which is identical to that reported previously for five other Hypera species. The chromosome number for the clover leaf weevil, Hypera punctata (Fabricius), is 2n = 18 + neo-XY which appears to be phylogenetically different from other Hypera species. The lack of cytogenetic variations among the eight weevil populations under investigation leads us to conclude that all weevil strains in the United States are of the alfalfa weevil, H. postica (Gyllenhal), and that the use of H. brunneipennis Boheman for the Egyptian alfalfa weevil of North America should be discontinued.Key words: Hypera postica, cytogenetics, chromosomes, C-banding, alfalfa weevil.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document