A new chytridiomycete parasitizing the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1525-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Ann Dewel ◽  
Jerry D. Joines ◽  
John J. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Central Mass ◽  
Host Death

The life cycle of a chytridiomycete, Sorochytrium milnesiophthora gen. et sp. nov., infecting the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum, is described. The zoospores are posteriorly uniflagellate and ovoid, and possess a central mass similar to a nuclear cap. To initiate an endobiotic infection they attach to the cuticle of the host, encyst, and generate an appressorium. The appressorium forms a penetration tube which crosses the cuticle to the epidermis and enlarges at the tip into a spherical thallus. Concomitantly, vacuoles replace the cytoplasm of the cyst and appressorium. As the thallus enlarges, it moves into the body cavity and cleaves into segments. The segments separate and round up into incipient sporangia. The incipient sporangia develop branching rhizoids in conjunction with host death. After a period of growth the sporangia form inoperculate exit papillae which penetrate the host cuticle. Zoospores exit individually and fully formed. The fungus can develop a polycentric phase when freshly collected, dead hosts containing sporangia are cultured in habitat water or on nutrient agar. The growth is extramatrical, covering the surface of the old host. It is rhizoidal, branching, and nonseptate with numerous intercalate incipient sporangia bearing rhizoids. On nutrient media the thallus grows indefinitely while in habitat water the incipient sporangia mature and discharge motile spores. The spores frequently have two to five flagella and are larger than those of the endobiotic colonial phase. A similar polycentric growth develops when motile spores are isolated on nutrient medium and suggests that the extramatrical growth on the host originates from encysted spores.

Studies on Tapeworm Physiology

1949 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
J. D. SMYTH
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
By Products ◽  
Histochemical Examination

1. Plerocercoid larvae of the pseudophyllidean cestode Ligula intestinalis from the body cavity of roach, were cultured in vitro at 40°C. in a variety of saline and nutrient media. About 65% of such cultures were aseptic. 2. During cultivation, larvae produced acid by-products (unidentified) and the pH fell rapidly. 3. The presence of these acid by-products slowed down development, or, if present in sufficient quantity, caused death. 4. In order to obtain development in nutrient media in a period (3 days) comparable to that required in a bird (the normal host) it was necessary to renew the medium 24-hourly. 5. 6% of the eggs produced from a worm cultured in horse serum were fertile. Fertile eggs were never obtained from larvae cultured in any other media. 6. Certain bacterial infections had no apparent detrimental effect on development, but others were toxic. 7. Some larvae underwent development in non-nutrient medium (¾ strength Locke's solution). The exact conditions under which this occurred was not determined. 8. Fragments (3 cm. long), of larvae or larvae with either scolex or posterior half removed, underwent development to the stage of oviposition in nutrient media. 9. Histochemical examination revealed that the plerocercoid larvae were almost fat-free. During cultivation, very large quantities of cytoplasmic fat were produced the quantity being proportional to the duration of cultivation. Fat was produced even under starvation conditions (i.e. during cultivation in saline) and can be considered a metabolic by-product. 10. The fresh plerocercoid contained great quantities of glycogen in the parenchyma and muscle regions. After cultivation in nutrient or saline media, considerable quantities were still present.

A study of the host relations of Halictophagus pontifex Fox (Strepsiptera), a parasite of Cercopidae (Hem., Aphrophorinae), in Uganda

1970 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Greathead
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Grassland Site ◽  
Host Relations

The relations of the Strepsipterous parasite Halictophagus pontifex Fox to seven species of its Cercopid (Aphrophorinae) hosts were studied at a grassland site in Uganda. Dissections of weekly samples of the Cercopids collected by sweeping showed that the duration of the life-cycle of H. pontifex is 30–40 days. The parasite is found only in adult hosts which can support as many individuals (up to 7) in Poophilus costalis (Wlk.) as can develop in the space available in the body cavity. Both the maximum number of parasites per host and the rate of parasitism are related to the volume of the host. Parasitism arrests development of the ovaries of female hosts; they may reproduce after emergence of male parasites but not after exhaustion of females because of reinfection by triungulins. Graphical and regression analysis of the population data (no. individuals/1 000 sweeps) show that, for P. costalis, parasitism by H. pontifex is density dependent and the chief regulating factor. Rainfall 58–64 days before sampling also was correlated with P. costalis density, but multiple regression analysis showed it to be insignificant.

The association of two Diplogasteroides species (Secernentea: Diplogastrina) and cockchafers (Melolontha spp., Scarabaeidae)

Nematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 603-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Kiontke ◽  
Albrecht Manegold
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
Male To Female

AbstractThe life cycle of two morphologically very similar Diplogasteroides species and their association with cockchafers in southern Germany was investigated. 70-100% of cockchafer grubs and 95% of the imagines carried Diplogasteroides spp. dauer juveniles. The nematodes were almost exclusively found on the external cuticle of the insects and usually not in the body cavity or the intestine. Diplogasteroides spp. dauer juveniles embark on the grub and accumulate during its development. There was some indication that dauer juveniles are transmitted from male to female beetle during copulation. The dauer juveniles resume development only after the death of the beetle, feeding on the cadaver (necromeny). Former hypotheses, assuming the nematode species to be parasitic and to cause the death of cockchafer grubs, can be refuted.

An experimental investigation of a direct life-cycle inReighardia sternae(Diesing, 1864), a pentastomid parasite of the herring gull (Larus argentatus)

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Banaja ◽  
J. L. James ◽  
J. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larus Argentatus ◽  
Herring Gull ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Direct Life Cycle

A direct life-cycle inReighardia sternae, a cephalobaenid pentastomid of gulls was investigated: the work was prompted by a report of eggs and larvae recovered from the stomach and intestine of a naturally infected gull.Infective pentastomid eggs were obtained by surgically transplanting maturing femaleReighardia, taken from freshly shot wild gulls, into captive recipients. Faecal material from birds thus artificially infected was collected daily and examined for eggs. Eggs were force fed to 33 hand-reared (from eggs or nestlings) juvenile gulls which were selected at random and sacrificed at intervals thereafter and examined for pentastomids.One hour after infection, primary larvae appear in the body cavity where they moult immediately. They grow steadily and by 27–35 days are sexually differentiated, and by 66 days have copulated. Fertilized females take a further 116 days to produce eggs by which time they are 7·6 cm long.The complex migrations undertaken by developing larvae in the gull, and the problems of the mechanism of direct transmission, are discussed.

scholarly journals Studies on the Life Cycle of Some New Zealand Anisakidae (Nematoda)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rosemary Jennifer Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Phocarctos Hookeri

<p>The life cycle of Anisakis simplex in New Zealand waters is described from observations on the morphology, distribution and behaviour of free-living and parasitic stages. Comparison with the life cyles of two other anisakids, Phocanema decipiens Myers 1959 and Thynnascaris adunca Rudolphi 1802 shows differences in distribution, degrees of host specificity, the status of invertebrate hosts, the factors influencing infestation levels of teleost hosts, and the location and pathological effects of infestation. Larval stages occurring in intermediate and paratenic hosts were identified by comparison of larval and adult morphometrics. A. simplex larvae were also positively identified by in vitro cultivation through to adults. Some morphometric variations compared to overseas descriptions are apparent. The ventriculus of A. simplex larvae is shorter relative to body length and the intestinal caecum of P. decipiens is longer relative to ventriculus length. Egg and free-living larval stages were obtained from in vitro cultivation of (A. simplex) and collection of eggs from mature adults from definitive hosts (T. adunca). Eggs of P. decipiens were not obtained. Eggs of A. simplex and T. adunca hatch in 8-11 days at 15 [degrees] C. A. simplex eggs hatch in 6 days at a temperature of 22 [degrees] C and did not hatch in 16 days at 10 [degrees] C. Eggs and free-living stage III larvae of A. simplex and T. adunca are similar in morphology with little differentiation of internal structures. Examination of the stomach contents of pelagic fish infested with anisakids indicated that possible intermediate hosts of A. simplex are the euphausiid Nyctiphanes australis and the decapod Munida gregaria. Possible hosts of T. adunca and M. gregaria are a wide variety of smaller zooplanktonic groups, e.g. decapod larvae and copepods. Larvae of A. simplex were found in one of 8850 N. australis; larvae of T. adunca were found in 69 of 3999 chaetognaths (Sagitta spp.) a medusa and a decapod larva. These larvae are morphologically similar to Stage III larvae from teleosts. No anisakids were found in 3956 Euphausia spp., 1147 M. gregaria and 740 prawns. Twenty five T. adunca larvae and adults were found in 818 freshly eaten M. gregaria in teleost stomachs, indicating that this invertebrate may act as a paratenic and a definitive host. Experimental infection of N. australis and M. gregaria with stage II larvae of A. simplex and T. adunca was unsuccessful. The location of anisakid infestation in three pelagic teleost species, Thyrsites atun, Trachurus novaezelandiae and Trachurus declivis is described. A. simplex larvae are found mainly in the body cavity of all species, at the posterior end of the stomach, with less than one percent occurring in the musculature. Distribution of A. simplex larvae does not change with increasing size of the host or increasing total worm burden. Thyrsites atun have a higher proportion of larvae in the stomach wall (8-13%) compared to Trachurus spp. (< 4%). T. adunca larvae are found infrequently in the body cavity of all three species, on the pyloric caeca and in the stomach wall. Adults and larvae of T. adunca are found more commonly in the alimentary canal, indicating that these teleosts are more important as definitive hosts in the life cycle of this anisakid. P. decipiens larvae are found only in Thyrsites atun and occur mainly in the muscles (98.5%). No quantitative pathogenic effects of anisakid infestation on these teleosts hosts were detected. The main factors influencing the infestation of the three teleost species are age of the host, locality and season. Sex of the host and depth (over the continental shelf, 0-250 m) are not important. A. simplex infestation increased with age in all host species examined, and was higher in Trachurus declivis from the southern-most locality, suggesting the existence of at least two distinct populations of this species. Significant differences in infestation of Thyrsites atun with P. decipiens suggests that this anisakid may be more common in southern localities also. The infestation of Thyrsites atun by larval and adult T. adunca in the alimentary canal is most influenced by season and closely related to diet. Nematode samples were obtained from the marine mammals Arctocephalus forsteri, Kogia breviceps and Phocarctos hookeri. Adult A. simplex were recorded from A. forsteri (a new host record) and Kogia breviceps; preadults from Phocarctos hookeri. Adult P. decipiens were recorded from Phocarctos hookeri; preadults from Arctocephalus forsteri and K. breviceps. Other anisakids found were Anisakis physeteris (Baylis 1923), Contracaecum osculatum Rudolphi 1802 and Pseudoterranova kogiae (Johnston and Mawson 1939) Mosgovoi 1951. These records are all new for the New Zealand region except P. decipiens from P. hookeri and C. osculatum from Arctocephalus forsteri. A. simplex and C. osculatum were found associated with gastric ulcers in Arctocephalus forsteri.</p>

scholarly journals Studies on the Life Cycle of Some New Zealand Anisakidae (Nematoda)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rosemary Jennifer Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Phocarctos Hookeri

<p>The life cycle of Anisakis simplex in New Zealand waters is described from observations on the morphology, distribution and behaviour of free-living and parasitic stages. Comparison with the life cyles of two other anisakids, Phocanema decipiens Myers 1959 and Thynnascaris adunca Rudolphi 1802 shows differences in distribution, degrees of host specificity, the status of invertebrate hosts, the factors influencing infestation levels of teleost hosts, and the location and pathological effects of infestation. Larval stages occurring in intermediate and paratenic hosts were identified by comparison of larval and adult morphometrics. A. simplex larvae were also positively identified by in vitro cultivation through to adults. Some morphometric variations compared to overseas descriptions are apparent. The ventriculus of A. simplex larvae is shorter relative to body length and the intestinal caecum of P. decipiens is longer relative to ventriculus length. Egg and free-living larval stages were obtained from in vitro cultivation of (A. simplex) and collection of eggs from mature adults from definitive hosts (T. adunca). Eggs of P. decipiens were not obtained. Eggs of A. simplex and T. adunca hatch in 8-11 days at 15 [degrees] C. A. simplex eggs hatch in 6 days at a temperature of 22 [degrees] C and did not hatch in 16 days at 10 [degrees] C. Eggs and free-living stage III larvae of A. simplex and T. adunca are similar in morphology with little differentiation of internal structures. Examination of the stomach contents of pelagic fish infested with anisakids indicated that possible intermediate hosts of A. simplex are the euphausiid Nyctiphanes australis and the decapod Munida gregaria. Possible hosts of T. adunca and M. gregaria are a wide variety of smaller zooplanktonic groups, e.g. decapod larvae and copepods. Larvae of A. simplex were found in one of 8850 N. australis; larvae of T. adunca were found in 69 of 3999 chaetognaths (Sagitta spp.) a medusa and a decapod larva. These larvae are morphologically similar to Stage III larvae from teleosts. No anisakids were found in 3956 Euphausia spp., 1147 M. gregaria and 740 prawns. Twenty five T. adunca larvae and adults were found in 818 freshly eaten M. gregaria in teleost stomachs, indicating that this invertebrate may act as a paratenic and a definitive host. Experimental infection of N. australis and M. gregaria with stage II larvae of A. simplex and T. adunca was unsuccessful. The location of anisakid infestation in three pelagic teleost species, Thyrsites atun, Trachurus novaezelandiae and Trachurus declivis is described. A. simplex larvae are found mainly in the body cavity of all species, at the posterior end of the stomach, with less than one percent occurring in the musculature. Distribution of A. simplex larvae does not change with increasing size of the host or increasing total worm burden. Thyrsites atun have a higher proportion of larvae in the stomach wall (8-13%) compared to Trachurus spp. (< 4%). T. adunca larvae are found infrequently in the body cavity of all three species, on the pyloric caeca and in the stomach wall. Adults and larvae of T. adunca are found more commonly in the alimentary canal, indicating that these teleosts are more important as definitive hosts in the life cycle of this anisakid. P. decipiens larvae are found only in Thyrsites atun and occur mainly in the muscles (98.5%). No quantitative pathogenic effects of anisakid infestation on these teleosts hosts were detected. The main factors influencing the infestation of the three teleost species are age of the host, locality and season. Sex of the host and depth (over the continental shelf, 0-250 m) are not important. A. simplex infestation increased with age in all host species examined, and was higher in Trachurus declivis from the southern-most locality, suggesting the existence of at least two distinct populations of this species. Significant differences in infestation of Thyrsites atun with P. decipiens suggests that this anisakid may be more common in southern localities also. The infestation of Thyrsites atun by larval and adult T. adunca in the alimentary canal is most influenced by season and closely related to diet. Nematode samples were obtained from the marine mammals Arctocephalus forsteri, Kogia breviceps and Phocarctos hookeri. Adult A. simplex were recorded from A. forsteri (a new host record) and Kogia breviceps; preadults from Phocarctos hookeri. Adult P. decipiens were recorded from Phocarctos hookeri; preadults from Arctocephalus forsteri and K. breviceps. Other anisakids found were Anisakis physeteris (Baylis 1923), Contracaecum osculatum Rudolphi 1802 and Pseudoterranova kogiae (Johnston and Mawson 1939) Mosgovoi 1951. These records are all new for the New Zealand region except P. decipiens from P. hookeri and C. osculatum from Arctocephalus forsteri. A. simplex and C. osculatum were found associated with gastric ulcers in Arctocephalus forsteri.</p>

scholarly journals Significance of nutrient media choice for the long-term cultures of leukemic T-lymphoblasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-604
Author(s):  
L. S. Litvinova ◽  
K. A. Yurova ◽  
V. V. Shchupletsova ◽  
N. D. Gazatova ◽  
O. G. Khaziakhmatova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Jurkat T Cells ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Toxicological Studies

Correct choice of nutrient media for culturing different types of cells in various applications is one of the most important aspects of modern biotechnology, since chemical composition of the culture media largely contains the necessary metabolites to support certain cells’ growth lines outside the body. Jurkat line of human leukemic T-lymphoblast-like cells (hereinafter Jurkat T-cells) is actively used for in vitro modeling of intracellular signaling and activation of normal blood T-lymphocytes mediated by the T-cell receptor/CD3/ CD4 complex in toxicological studies of immune and secretory responses, to test medicinal substances and ions. Also, Jurkat T-cells are widely used for ex vivo testing in immunology, oncology, toxicology, orthopedics, and traumatology. The existing standards and numerous studies are mainly based on short-term in vitro cultivation of Jurkat T-cells in RPMI 1640 nutrient medium. Meanwhile, the issues of long-term maintenance of the growth of Jurkat T-cells culture are poorly presented in the research literature. This study aimed for studying the activity of Jurkat T-cells over 7 to 14 days of in vitro culture and comparing the relative value of RPMI 1640 and αMEM media for the behavior of immunocompetent tumor cells. Using flow cytometry, multiplex analysis, and phase contrast Cell-IQ microscopy, the proportions of living cells and those dying by apoptosis and necrosis, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and the dynamics of cell biomass propagation were studied. It was found that the αMEM medium in the complete nutrient medium, as compared with RPMI 1640, is more appropriate to in vitro promotion of cell viability (increased proportion of viable cells by 13.5% at the day 14), their secretory ability for 23 из 27 tested biomolecules, shortened adaptation time (на 32%) in culture before growth initiation, 5-fold increase of the Jurkat Т-cell cellularity by the day 7. Potential significance of the chemical components of nutrient media and secreted biomolecules for these results is discussed. As based on the results obtained, we concluded on superior properties of αMEM medium for long-term in vitro cultures of Jurkat T-cells. Consequently, the in vitro testing of medical devices intended for long-term contact with the body, including those for cancer patients, using Jurkat T-cell leukemia line in RPMI 1640 medium, may lead to wrong predictions on their biocompatibility and potential antitumor activity.

On the Life-Cycle of Hymenolepis fraterna (H. nana var. fraterna Stiles) of the White Mouse

Parasitology ◽  
1924 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. F. Woodland
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
White Mouse ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Definite Evidence ◽  
The One ◽  
Weak Concentration

1. Of 20 mice (previously ascertained to be free from Hymenolepis infection for a period of at least 42 days), artificially infected with Hymenolepis eggs, only one failed to show definite evidence of Hymenolepis infection when examined from three to 24 days after. Of nine control mice none showed infection during a period of at least 53 days and were found to be uninfected when killed. Of five further control mice which were subsequently artificially infected, four were found to be free from infection when killed.These results prove conclusively that direct infection, i.e. the infection of one mouse by ingestion of the eggs laid by the Hymenolepis of another mouse, can take place without the intervention of any intermediate host. The one-host account of the life-cycle of Hymenolepis fraterna promulgated by Grassi and Rovelli and Joyeux is thus the correct one, though this does not exclude the possibility of the Hymenolepis egg occasionally developing into a cysticercoid inside the body-cavity of a flea and undergoing the rest of its development when the flea is eaten by a mouse. I have not ascertained whether or not a mouse can re-infect itself by swallowing Hymenolepis eggs contained in its own faeces.2. Hymenolepis fraterna individuals of the same age (i.e. developed from eggs ingested at the same time) often but not always develop at very different rates in different mice and in the same mouse. Grassi and Rovelli's statement that Hymenolepis fraterna takes from 15 to 30 days to become mature is approximately correct.Hymenolepis fraterna can become mature, i.e. possess ripe eggs in the hind proglottides, when only 6 mm. or 7 mm. long. In cases of heavy infection (e.g. 100–200 individuals in a single mouse) the worms probably always remain of small size (ca. 10 mm.) as compared with the worms in light infections where they attain a length of 20–25 mm.Eggs can be shed as early as the fifteenth and probably on the fourteenth day of development.3. It is probable that mature H. fraterna often sheds all its eggs within a period of a week and often less, the eggless and degenerate worm then being voided in the faeces.4. In artificial infection of mice definite results can only be obtained with heavily-infected faecal material. Occasionally mice appear to be immune, but, judging from my experiments, such immunity is rare in mice of medium size. I cannot confirm Joyeux's statement that very young mice are most susceptible to infection. Out of some 200 mice examined I found that the smallest and largest mice were least liable to be infected, medium-sized mice supplying all my infected faeces. The largest mouse (over 35 gm.) in my experimental series, on the other hand, became infected with a weak concentration of eggs.

Aspects of in vivo growth of the plerocercoid stage of Schistocephalus solidus

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Meakins ◽  
M. Walkey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Parasite Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Schistocephalus Solidus ◽  
Surgical Implantation ◽  
In Vivo Growth

1. The in vivo growth of Schistocephalus solidus plerocercoids was investigated by surgical implantation of worms into the body cavity of uninfected, recipient sticklebacks. 2. Burdens of one, two and five worms were used. 3. Results show a reduction in parasite growth with both increasing size and increasing numbers of parasites. 4. Reasons for the decrease in growth rate of multiple burdens are discussed and reference is made to the significance of burden size in completion of the life-cycle under natural conditions.

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