AKTIVITAS ANTI-BIOFILM BAKTERI DARI PRODUK ALGA COKLAT Dictyota sp.

Infeksi bakteri dapat memperlambat penyembuhan, menyebabkan deformitas dan kematian sel. Hal ini disebabkan bakteri menghasilkan biofilm yang memberikan sifat resistensi terhadap antibiotik yang diberikan pada luka yang terinfeksi bakteri itu. Infeksi yang terkait dengan biofilm merupakan mayoritas dari semua infeksi bakteri yang kronis atau berulang dalam tubuh manusia. Alginat liase.merupakan enzim yang mampu mendegradasi alginat, yang merupakan komponen utama biofilm bakteri. Oleh karena itu, pencarian sumber baru alginat liase menjadi penting dalam pemberantasan penyakit infeksi terutama yang terkait dengan pembentukan biofilm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan simbion dari produk fermentasi alga coklat Dictyota sp. yang diperoleh dari Teluk Awur, Jepara, Indonesia dalam mendegradasi biofilm bakteri. Sampel makroalga segar difermentasi terlebih dahulu selama 7 hari untuk merangsang aktivitas degradasi oleh bakteri simbion secara umum. Data yang diperoleh dari hasil kultur dan resistensi dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar dilakukan terapi empiris. Bakteri simbion Dictyota sp ditumbuhkan pada media Zobell Agar (ZA) dan kemudian masing-masing koloni spesifik yang tumbuh dimurnikan menggunakan media Nutrient Agar (NA). Agar minimal alginat kemudian digunakan sebagai media selektif untuk mendeteksi keberadaan bakteri alginolitik yang ditunjukkan dengan kemampuannya membentuk zona alginolitik yang jernih disekitar koloni bakteri. Dari 14 isolat bakteri simbion Dictyota sp, 3 yaitu FD-01, FD-03, dan FD-04, dapat menghasilkan zona alginoliti dengan nilai indek alginolitik berkisar antara 0,5 – 1,0. Kesimpulannya, Dictyota sp. merupakan sumber potensial bakteri penghasil enzim antibiofilm, alginat liase

Screening, Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Laccase Producing Bacteria from Contaminated Sites

Screening and isolation of Laccase producing bacteria from Guntur District soil was carried out to assess the diversity of Lignocellulose degrading bacteria. Isolation and identification of environmental friendly bacteria for lignin degradation becomes an essential one, because all the researchers are mainly concentrating on fungal strains. However, bacteria seem to play a leading role in decomposing lignin. For isolation of Laccase producing bacteria nutrient agar medium containing guaiacol was used. Total nine bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples collected from different regions of Guntur district. Preliminary screening of bacterial strains was carried out on guaiacol containing nutrient agar medium for laccase production. Formation of green colour using ABTS (2,2'- azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) confirms the capability of laccase production by the bacterial strains. Nine bacterial strains showed positive results. High laccase producing bacterial isolates were examined for morphological and biochemical characteristics according to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The predominant isolates were identified as Bacillus and Enterobacter species.

Frateuria flava sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile novel bacterial strain, designated MAH-13T, was isolated from a soil sample. The colonies were observed to be yellow-coloured, smooth, spherical and 1.8–3.0 mm in diameter when grown on nutrient agar medium for 2 days. Strain MAH-13T was found to be able to grow at 20–40 °C, at pH 5.0–10.0 and with 0–1.0% NaCl (w/v). Cell growth occurred on tryptone soya agar, Luria–Bertani agar, nutrient agar and Reasoner's 2A agar. The strain was found to be positive for both oxidase and catalase tests. The strain was positive for hydrolysis of casein, starch, DNA and l-tyrosine. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Frateuria and to be closely related to Frateuria terrea DSM 26515T (98.2% similarity), Dyella thiooxydans ATSB10T (98.2 %), Frateuria defendens HyOGT (97.9 %), Rhodanobacter glycinis MO64T (97.8 %) and Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T (97.8 %). The novel strain MAH-13T has a draft genome size of 3 682 848 bp (40 contigs), annotated with 3172 protein-coding genes, 49 tRNA genes and three rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain MAH-13T and five closely related type strains were in the range of 73.7–85.5 % and 20.7–30.1%, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 68.0 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl). On the basis of dDDH and ANI values, genotypic analysis, and chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strain MAH-13T represents a novel species within the genus Frateuria , for which the name Frateuria flava sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-13T (=KACC 19743T=CGMCC 1.13655T) as the type strain.

INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION AND EXPOSURE TIME OF ZEOLITE MORTAR ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

According to the results of the conducted studies of the fraction of activated zeolite from the plant of JSC "Volga Region Zeolites" of the Republic of Tatarstan with a size of 0.2 mm, it was found that the pH of the zeolite solution in dilution 1:40 was 10. At the same time, this value is maintained for 30 minutes. At the next dilution of 1:50, the hydrogen ion index decreased and was less than 10. The pH of the zeolite solution from the activated zeolite fraction with a size of 0.2 mm in dilutions of 1:30, 1:40 and 1:50 were 10.05, 10.03 and 9.85, respectively. However, 10 days after the preparation of the zeolite solution, the hydrogen ion index decreased and amounted to 9.96, 9.83 and 9.77. The addition of a zeolite solution at a dilution of 1:40 to nutrient agar reduced the germination of S. Aureus culture by 1.5 times, which opens up prospects for application in practical veterinary medicine. The work was carried out within the framework of GZ No. FMEG-2021-0003 registration number: 121021600147-1 and AAAA-A18-118031390148-1. The research will continue

ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI Vibrio parahaemolyticus PADA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) PENYEBAB PENYAKIT VIBRIOSIS

Penelitian ini bertujuan sebagai informasi yang berkaitan dengan isolasi identifikasi Vibrio parahaemolyticus yang dilakukan sebagai langkah dalam menjamin keamanan pangan hasil perikanan sehingga aman untuk di konsumsi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode ISO/TS 21872-1:2007 langkah yang dilakukan yaitu pre enrichment dengan menggunakan sampel sebanyak 25gram yang dilarutkan dengan menggunakan alkaline saline peptone water 225ml, lalu diinkubasi selama 6jam dengan suhu 41,50C sedangkan untuk sampel segar memerlukan waktu±1 jam, selanjutnya enrichment dengan suhu 41,5 0C selama 18 jam ± 1 jam, selanjutnya dilakukan isolasi serta identifikasi dengan menggunakan media Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS), lau dilakukan inkubasi pada suhu 37 0C selama 24 jam ± 3 jam, setelah itu dilakukan pengamatan dengan ciri-ciri koloni pada V. parahaemolyticus lembut warna hijau (sukrosa negatif) dengan diameter 2-3mm, dan dilakukan uji biokimia dengan melakukan inokulasi pada koloni dengan menggunakan media saline nutrient agar,lalu dilakukan pemeriksaan uji biokimia. Hasil penelitian dari pemeriksaan sampel yang dilakukan di laboratorium Stasiun Karantina Ikan Pengendalian Mutu dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan Medan II (SKIPM) dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari 7 sampel yang di uji tidak ada yang menunjukkan hasil positif bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus dari sampel laut, untuk media dan reagen uji yang digunakan benar dan sesuai dengan pengujian pada kontrol positif bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Bacteriological Quality Analysis of Water in Storage Tanks in A University Community, South Southern - Nigeria

The use of unsafe water supplies and microbial contaminated water may pose serious health challenge to users. The aim of the study was to determine the level of bacterial contamination of the various water sources and the suitability for human use and consumption in University of Calabar Community, Nigeria. A total of 30 water samples were obtained from the University storage tanks and analysed for the presence of bacteria. The level of feacal coliform count, total coliform count and heterotrophic bacterial count was analysed using membrane filtration method and standard culture method on a differential and selective media. The samples were cultured on MacConkey and Nutrient agar. The isolates obtained from the above media were subcultured into slants of nutrient agar. Isolates were subjected to Gram staining and biochemical tests. The feacal coliform, Escherichia coli was isolated from all the water samples. Total coliform counts ranged from 1cfu/ml - 92cfu/ml while total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 1cfu/ml to 161cfu/ml. The bacteria species isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus species, Enterobacter aerogenes, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus, Proteus species, Lactobacillus species and Listeria species. The results obtained from this study have shown high level of bacterial load which makes the water unsuitable for human consumption. Further treatment may be needed as the bacteria isolates from the water samples point to feacal contamination which may be due to inadequate treatment of water, contamination while in the storage tanks or passage through contaminated pipes supplying the community. The consumers may be at high risks of enteric bacterial infections.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Water as Alternative Growth Medium for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Laboratory with Minimum Infrastructure

The availability of non-synthetic media from natural ingredients is needed to answer the needs in laboratories where the price of nutrient media is quite expensive and there are limited supplies of material ware houses. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) are the local foods of people of NTT (East Nusa Tenggara) which have a high enough nutritional content which has the potential to be developed into cheap, easy and simple non-synthetic media in making. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the agar media contained nutrient from cowpea and pigeonpea water can be used as a alternative for nutrient agar for the growth of Escherchia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research is a true experiment with posttest-only control design. The growth rate of S. aureus bacteria on pigeonpea medium, cowpea medium, nutrient agar medium, were 164 CFU/mL (SD=3,13), 161 CFU/mL (SD=3,02) and 164 CFU/mL (SD=3,21), respectively. The average growth of E. coli on cowpea medium, pigeonpea medium, and nutrient agar control medium were 163 CFU/mL (SD=2,79), 167 CFU/mL (SD-2,63) and 164 CFU/mL (SD=2,75) respectively. Test results ANOVA between pigeonpea medium, cowpea medium and nutrient medium in order to obtain p value = 0.145 (p> 0.05) for the growth of E. coli bacteria and p value = 0.393 (p> 0.05) for growth S. aureus. It was concluded that there was no difference between the number of bacterial colonies of E. coli and S. aureus on three medium. The pigeonpea medium and cowpea can be used to grow and alternative nutrient agar in order to grow bacteria E. coli and S. aureus.

Assessment of antibacterial potentials of violacein extract from Chromobacterium violaceum isolated from domestic and recreational water sources in Owerri, Nigeria

This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the antibacterial potentials of violacein extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum isolated from domestic and recreational water sources in Owerri, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from different locations of the domestic water sources, five different swimming pools, and three borehole stations using sterile amber bottles. The isolation of C. violaceum was done using pour plate method on nutrient agar. The violet colonies of C. violaceum were counted, characterized and identified using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques. The mean viable bacterial counts were high. Water sample from Otamiri station-1 have the highest bacterial count (200 × 101 CFU/ml and 19.50 × 101 CFU/ml) respectively. Swimming pool 1 and 3 bacterial counts were (4.50 × 101 CFU/ml, 11 × 101 CFU/ml and 11.50 × 101 CFU/ml) respectively. For borehole 1, 2 and 3, swimming pool 2, 4 and 5, counts were (0.00 × 101 CFU/ml). Ethanolic extraction of violacein from C. violaceum was performed from a 48-hour culture broth. The sensitivity of the bacteria isolates to violacein was assayed on nutrient agar and nutrient broth by agar diffusion and broth dilution methods respectively. All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to the violacein extract at various concentrations, except MRSA that showed resistance to the violacein at 2.19mg/ml for extract from recreational water isolate and at 17.5mg/ml to 2.19mg/ml for extract from domestic water isolates. Conclusively, violacein has the potential to be used as an antibacterial compound for treatment of multidrug resistant bacterial infections.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Kemuning (Murraya Paniculata) Against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL by In Vitro Test

Klebsiella pneumoniae Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was one of the microorganism that cause nosocomial infection which resistant to beta-lactams antibiotics. Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata) was traditional medicine which believed has antibacterial components, such as: fl avonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. In the previous studies, there was antibacterial activity in ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata againsts E.coli, K.pneumoniae, S.typhi, E.faecalis, P.aeruginosa, S.fl exneri, S.aureus, and S.sonneii with concentration 200 mg/ mL. There has not experiment about ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL yet. The aim of this study was to fi nd out the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Murraya Paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Broth dilution method with concentration 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL, 6,25 mg/mL, and 3,125 mg/mL were used for the determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). While the Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) was assessed using streaking method in Nutrient Agar Plate. The highest concentration in this study was obtained from 100 g of Murraya paniculata leaves dissolved in 500 mL of 40% ethanol. The study was carried out 4 times replication. At the time of the sterility test extract, germ growth appeared on Nutrient Agar Plate media, so the extract was fi ltered before being used for research. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours, growth of bacterial colonies on all agar plates was observed. The concentration of the ethanol extract of Murraya Paniculata (200 mg/mL) did not inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. The ethanol extracts of Murraya paniculata in concentration 200 mg/mL had no antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL.