Structure and function of wall appositions. 1. General histochemistry of papillae in barley coleoptiles attacked by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei

Penetration pegs of Erysiphe graminis D.C. f. sp. hordei Em. Marchal are usually not impeded by normal papillae of barley coleoptiles, whereas oversize papillae are impenetrable to appressoria of the pathogen. We investigated the chemical composition of these papillae and the cell walls by classical histochemistry, in part to extend the fragmented knowledge of these structures and in part to find out if there are differences between normal and oversize papillae which would account for their different efficacies in resisting penetration. These papillae were indistinguishable from one another histochemically and contained protein, carbohydrate other than pectin, and a phenolic which was not lignin. We report also a definitive proof of callose in papillae. They do not contain cutin or suberin. The cell wall did not contain callose or cutin–suberin but did contain protein, pectin, and a phenolic (also not lignin). The results imply that different linkages between molecules in oversize papillae, or some other differences not revealed in this study, are responsible for their ability to prevent fungal penetration.

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Structure and function of wall appositions. 2. Callose and the resistance of oversize papillae to penetration by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b86-103 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 802-804 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Michael G. Smart ◽

James R. Aist ◽

Herbert W. Israel

Keyword(s):

Structure And Function ◽

Erysiphe Graminis ◽

Enzyme Treatment ◽

Aniline Blue ◽

Molecular Communication ◽

Challenge Inoculation ◽

Subsequent Challenge ◽

Wall Appositions ◽

And Function

Callose, a β-1,3- or β-1,3-1,4-glucan, is one of the most commonly reported constituents of papillae. Its putative roles include conferring resistance to fungal penetration by sequestering fungitoxic compounds or decreasing molecular communication between pathogen and suscept. Oversize papillae induced in partially dissected coleoptiles of barley are known to be resistant to penetration by a challenge inoculum of a compatible race of Erysiphe graminis D.C. f. sp. hordei Em. Marchal. When such coleoptiles were treated with laminarinase, predominantly a β-1,3-glucanase, callose was removed from the papillae as evidenced by the loss of aniline blue induced fluorescence. Upon subsequent challenge inoculation, there was no decrease in the resistance of the papillae: areas without papillae were penetrated at 43% of the 538 sites examined, whereas none of the 26 laminarinase-digested, oversize papillae was penetrated. Because the enzyme treatment removed not only callose but also autofluorescent materials, we conclude that these components were unnecessary for the resistance of oversize papillae. Some other component, not identified in this study, confers this resistance.

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The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bcj20200194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 477 (10) ◽

pp. 1983-2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sarah M. Batt ◽

David E. Minnikin ◽

Gurdyal S. Besra

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Immune System ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Cell Envelope ◽

Protective Layer ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Complex Lipids ◽

And Function

Tuberculosis, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of death from an infectious disease, with a mortality rate of over a million people per year. This pathogen's remarkable resilience and infectivity is largely due to its unique waxy cell envelope, 40% of which comprises complex lipids. Therefore, an understanding of the structure and function of the cell wall lipids is of huge indirect clinical significance. This review provides a synopsis of the cell envelope and the major lipids contained within, including structure, biosynthesis and roles in pathogenesis.

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A Label-free, Fast and High-specificity Technique for Plant Cell Wall Imaging and Composition Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-107437/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Huimin Xu ◽

Yuanyuan Zhao ◽

Yuanzhen Suo ◽

Yayu Guo ◽

Yi Man ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Raman Scattering ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Plant Cell Walls ◽

Label Free ◽

Wall Imaging

Abstract Background: Cell wall imaging can considerably permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide the detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which is imperative to better exploit and use the biomass polymers; however, detailed imaging and quantifying of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging.Results: Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering microscopy (CRS), including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which images the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. The major steps of the procedure are demonstrated, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach, which will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls.Conclusions: This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

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Cell wall architecture as well as chemical composition determines fermentation of wheat cell walls by a faecal inoculum

Food Hydrocolloids ◽

10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105858 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 107 ◽

pp. 105858

Author(s):

Shiyi Lu ◽

Bernadine M. Flanagan ◽

Barbara A. Williams ◽

Deirdre Mikkelsen ◽

Michael J. Gidley

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Cell Wall Architecture

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Structure and Function of Plant Cell Walls: Immunological Approaches

International Review of Cytology ◽

10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61505-3 ◽

1991 ◽

pp. 233-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Takayuki Hoson

Keyword(s):

Plant Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Plant Cell Walls ◽

And Function

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Structure and function studies of plant cell wall polysaccharides

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst0220374 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 374-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Peter Albersheim ◽

Jinhua An ◽

Glenn Freshour ◽

Melvin S. Fuller ◽

Rafael Guillen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽

And Function

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Structure and function of plant cell wall proteins.

The Plant Cell ◽

10.1105/tpc.5.1.9 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 9-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 534

Author(s):

A M Showalter

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Cell Wall Proteins ◽

And Function

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Sir James Baddiley. 15 May 1918 — 19 November 2008

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ◽

10.1098/rsbm.2010.0010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 ◽

pp. 3-23

Author(s):

J. Grant Buchanan

Keyword(s):

Organic Chemistry ◽

Adenosine Triphosphate ◽

Bacterial Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Cambridge University ◽

Teichoic Acids ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Organic Chemist ◽

And Function

James Baddiley was a biochemist who used the methods and insight of the organic chemist to answer important questions in biology, notably coenzyme structure and the structure and function of bacterial cell walls. A graduate of Manchester University, he moved to Cambridge in 1944 with A. R. Todd, where he synthesized adenosine triphosphate, the nucleotide concerned with essential energy transformations in all forms of life. As an independent researcher at the Lister Institute in London he elucidated the structure of coenzyme A and other coenzymes. He was appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry in Newcastle, where the exploration of the structures of two cytidine nucleotides led to the discovery of the teichoic acids, major components of the cell walls and membranes of Gram-positive bacteria. These discoveries were extended to cover the structures, biosynthesis, function and immunology of the teichoic acids. Baddiley became Professor of Chemical Microbiology in 1977. Moving to Cambridge after his retirement, he was able to continue his researches in the Department of Biochemistry. He was elected a Fellow of Pembroke College and as an elder statesman undertook extensive committee work, often as chairman, both in Cambridge University and nationally. He was knighted in 1977.

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