Pollen viability of some Populus species as indicated by in vitro pollen germination and tetrazolium chloride staining

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1086-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora ◽  
Louis Zsuffa
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Populus Species

The viability of pollen of Populus deltoides, P. maximowiczii, and P. nigra was assessed by in vitro germination and by use of 0.5% 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining techniques. An agar medium with 10% sucrose resulted in maximum germination of P. deltoides and P. nigra pollen, while the medium with 20% sucrose was a optimal fo P. maximowiczii. Pollen staining in TTC for 1 h at 30 °C gave a good indication of pollen viability as determined by germination and seed set in poplar breeding programs. Significant differences in viability were observed among species, but not among clones and replications.

scholarly journals In VitroPollen Viability and Pollen Germination in Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasusL.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melekber Sulusoglu ◽  
Aysun Cavusoglu
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Germinated Pollen ◽  
Cherry Laurel ◽  
Better Than

Pollen quality is important for growers and breeders. This study was carried out to determinein vitropollen viability and pollen germination in seven genotypes of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasusL.). Two pollen viability tests, TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) and IKI (iodine potassium iodide), were used. Pollen traits of genotypes were studied using anin vitromedium containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% sucrose to determine the best sucrose concentrations for germination. In the second step, the germinated pollen was counted 1, 4, 6, 10, 12, 24, and 48 hours later until there was no further germination. The viability rates were different according to genotypes and tests used. The IKI and TTC staining tests and pollen germination had low correlation (r2= 0.0614 andr2= 0.0015, resp.). Painted pollen rate was higher and pollen was well-stained with IKI test and pollen viability estimated with TTC staining test was better than that estimated with the IKI staining test. 15% sucrose gave the best germination rates in most of the genotypes. Pollen germination rates were recorded periodically from one hour to 48 hours in 15% sucrose and the results showed that pollen germination rates increased after 6 hours of being placed in culture media.

scholarly journals Potential Fertilization Capacity of Two Grapevine Varieties: Effects on Agricultural Production in Designation of Origin Areas in the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
J. Antonio Cortiñas Rodríguez ◽  
María Fernández-González ◽  
Estefanía González-Fernández ◽  
Rosa A. Vázquez-Ruiz ◽  
F. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airborne Pollen ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Fertilization Capacity

In the present study, we analyzed the main parameters related with the potential fertilization ability of two grapevine varieties, Godello and Mencía, during the years 2017 and 2018. The research was carried out in two vineyards of the Galician winegrowing Designation of Origin areas of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra. Ten vines of each variety were selected for bunch and flower counting, pollen calculations, pollen viability studies by means of aceto-carmine (AC) stain and 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) methods, and the determination of their germination rate. In all vineyards the 50% fruitset was reached, except for Godello in Cenlle during 2017. The mean coulure value was higher for Godello (40.5%) than for Mencía (31%). Analyzing the pollen production per plant and airborne pollen levels, we observed important discordances between them, which can be due to the influence of weather conditions and be related with self-pollination processes. We found important differences on pollen viability depending on the applied method and variety, with higher values for the AC method than the TTC for both varieties in all study plots, and higher values for Mencía variety than Godello. Regarding germination rates, we observed a marked reduction in 2017 with respect to 2018, in all study sites and for both varieties. The analyzed parameters were useful to explain the different productive abilities of Godello and Mencía varieties in the two studied bioclimatic regions of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra.

EFFECT OF SELECTED COATING MATERIALS ON THE BACTERIAL PENETRATION OF THE AVIAN EGG SHELL1

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Tryhnew ◽  
K. W. B. Gunaratne ◽  
J. V. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Coating Films ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Polyvinylidene Chloride ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Bacterial Penetration ◽  
Sugar Derivative

Whole shell eggs were coated with the following materials: Zein (com prolamine), Polidene 930-H (polyvinylidene chloride), Epolene Wax E-45 (epolene wax emulsion), and 974-1 (hydrolyzed sugar derivative plus shellac). Surfaces of coated and uncoated eggs were inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Contents of each egg were then replaced aseptically with a sterile agar medium containing triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Eggs were sealed, incubated, and examined for shell penetration and growth of P. fluorescens and S typhimurium. The ability of the two microorganisms to decompose films of the dry coatings was also tested. All coatings greatly retarded penetration by both microorganisms, although P. fluorescens was retarded more than S. typhimurium. When incubated for 7 days, heavy suspensions of P. fluorescens and S. typhimurium did not decompose films of dried coatings. After 48 hr incubation, growth of either organism was not obtained in media containing only dried coating films as added substrates. The dry coatings did not inhibit growth of either organism.

scholarly journals Technique for In Vitro Pollen Germination and Short-term Pollen Storage in Caladium

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanao Deng ◽  
Brent K. Harbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
In Vitro Germination ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pollen Storage ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sucrose Level

The sporadic nature of inflorescence production and flower protogyny in caladium (Caladium ×hortulanum Birdsey) makes it desirable to store pollen and to rapidly assess its viability for cross-pollinations in breeding programs. This study was conducted to develop a procedure to determine caladium pollen viability and to use that procedure to evaluate the effect of short-term storage conditions on pollen viability. The sucrose level in the culture medium was found to have a significant impact on the in vitro germination of caladium pollen; a concentration of 6.8% was determined to be optimal for pollen germination. Caladium pollen lost viability within 1 day under room (24 °C) or freezing (-20 °C) temperatures, but could be stored at 4 °C for 2 to 4 days. Pollen stored at 4 °C produced successful pollinations. Data obtained from large-scale greenhouse pollinations supported use of this in vitro germination assay as a convenient way to evaluate caladium pollen viability (and fertility).

From qualitative to quantitative: a new approach for determining heat tolerance in cotton using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Yvonne Jaconis ◽  
Warren C Conaty ◽  
Alan J. E. Thompson ◽  
Shanna L Smith ◽  
Chiara Trimarchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Viability Testing

Abstract Background Susceptibility of cotton to heat stress in cotton production systems is a major concern for breeding programs. It is hypothesised that in order to maintain or improve cotton yields and quality in sub-optimal future climates, the negative effects of high temperature stress must be mitigated. To address this need, a fast and effect way of quantifying thermotolerant phenotypes is required. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) based enzyme viability testing following high temperature stress can be used as a heat tolerance phenotype. This is because when live cells encounter a TTC solution, TTC undergoes a chemical reduction producing a visible, insoluble red product called triphenyl formazan, that can be quantified spectrophotometrically. However, existing TTC based cell viability assays cannot easily be deployed at the scale required in a crop improvement program. Results In this study, a heat stress assay (HSA) based on the use of TTC enzyme viability testing has been refined and improved for efficiency, reliability, and ease of use through four experiments. Sampling factors which may influence assay results such as leaf age, plant water status, and short-term cold storage were also investigated. Experiments conducted in this study have successfully down scaled the assay and identified an optimal sampling regime, enabling measurement of large segregating populations for application in breeding programs. The optimal durations of leaf disc exposure to TTC and the subsequent extraction of the formazan product in ethanol were identified as 16 h and 13 h, respectively; leading to enhanced clarity of assay results. Conclusions These improvements in the methodology provide a new level of confidence in results, ensuring applicability of the assay to a breeding program. The improved HSA methodology is important as it is proposed that long-term improvements in cotton thermotolerance can be achieved through concurrent selection of superior phenotypes based on the HSA and yield performance in hot environments. Additionally, a new way of interpreting both heat tolerance and heat resistance were developed to differentiate genotypes that perform well at the time of a heat stress event and those that maintain a similar level of performance to a non-stressed control.

scholarly journals The effect of tungstate ingestion on xanthine oxidase in milk and liver

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Owen ◽  
R. Proudfoot
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Sodium Tungstate ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Acceptor ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Conventional Diet

1. The ingestion of doses of up to 6 g sodium tungstate (56 mg W/kg body-weight) by goats was found to diminish the amount of xanthine oxidase secreted in their milk so that, in some samples, the enzyme became undetectable. This effect occurred whether the goats were eating a semi-synthetic or a conventional diet.2. Tungstate ingestion by goats did not affect the concentration of riboflavine in their milk.3. The ingestion of sodium tungstate by young goats for 3–5 months diminished the amount of xanthine oxidase in their livers.4. When given in early lactation to two cows, doses of sodium tungstate (up to 20 g) diminished the titre of xanthine oxidase in their milk with no concomitant effect on the yields.5. Much later in lactation the milk phosphatase of these two cows was poorly correlated with milk xanthine oxidase. Reasons for this are discussed.6. Under anaerobic conditions, with xanthine as substrate and triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride as hydrogen acceptor, neither molybdate nor tungstate affected the xanthine oxidase activity of cow's or goat's milk in vitro. Molybdate in vitro did not enhance the very low titre of human milk.

scholarly journals Effect of Pollen Genotype, Temperature and Period of Storage on In Vitro Germinability and In Vivo Seed Set in Chrysanthemum—Preliminary Study

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2395
Author(s):  
Natalia Miler ◽  
Anita Wozny
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Pollen Storage ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Pollen Donor ◽  
Pollen Germinability ◽  
Fresh Pollen

Among many challenges in chrysanthemum cross-breeding, the access to viable pollen for hybridization of cultivars distant in location and different in flowering time is required. Low pollen viability along with incompatibility are mainly responsible for low seed set in modern chrysanthemum cultivars. The aim of the study was to test various temperatures and periods of pollen storage of Chrysanthemum × morifolium in order to elaborate the method of chrysanthemum pollen preservation for cross-breeding purposes. In the first experiment, in vitro pollen germination of four cultivars was investigated following storage at 20 °C, 4 °C, −20 °C, and −80 °C, for one, four, and eight weeks. The second experiment focused on in vivo seed set after one week pollen treatment with 20 °C, 4 °C, −20 °C, and −80 °C (three pollen donor cultivars tested). Pollen in vitro germinability, as well as seed set efficiency, was generally low and cultivar dependent. Independent of the period of storage, stored pollen germinability was lower (5.30–6.63%) than fresh pollen (8.15%). Incubation of pollen in −80 °C significantly increased pollen germinability (9.80%), as well as seed set efficiency in comparison to control (19.28% and 10.21%, respectively) provided the cultivars are compatible. Among cultivars, the highest germinability of pollen was found in ‘Brda’ and ‘Donna’ (8.2% and 8.23%, respectively), while ‘Bydgoszczanka’ showed the lowest germinability (2.97%). There were also pollen genotype dependent effects in in vivo seed set efficiency, which was highest in ’Brda’ (17.57%) and much lower in ‘Jutrzenka’ and ‘Polka’ (1.34% and 0.39%, respectively), which contributed to the incompatibility of crossed cultivars rather than pollen viability.

scholarly journals THE QUANTITATIVE REDUCTION OF 2,3,5-TRIPHENYL TETRAZOLIUM CHLORIDE BY SKIN IN VITRO

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
FALLS B. HERSHEY ◽  
C. N. D. CRUICKSHANK ◽  
L. I. MULLINS
Keyword(s):  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride

Male functionality in Garcinia celebica L., a candidate ancestor species of mangosteen (G. mangostana L.)

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 685-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornsawan Sutthinon ◽  
Lacey Samuels ◽  
Upatham Meesawat
Keyword(s):  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is widely cultivated for its prized fruit, but its origins are unclear as this crop has not been found in the wild. Seashore mangosteen (Garcinia celebica L.) has been proposed as a candidate ancestral species for the mangosteen male parent in a hypothesized hybridization event, yet the functionality of the male organs in perfect flowers of G. celebica has not been characterized. The objective of this study was to describe pollen development in G. celebica using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Male gametophyte development led to viable pollen at anthesis. The tapetum was of the secretory type, and it started to degrade following meiosis II, which corresponded to the complete encasement of a callose wall around the microspore tetrad. Pollen viability, demonstrated with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) assays, was 68%. An in-vitro pollen germination assay was developed, and the rate of germination was remarkably similar to the viability (68%). Male functionality was clearly confirmed by both the high rate of pollen viability and germination. The occurrence of stigmatic exudates on pistillode and its pollen features are consistent with biotic pollination. The perfect flower of G. celebica is thus a functional male flower.

Genetic variability in high temperature effects on seed-set in sorghum

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuc T. Nguyen ◽  
Vijaya Singh ◽  
Erik J. van Oosterom ◽  
Scott C. Chapman ◽  
David R. Jordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Development In Vitro ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is grown as a dryland crop in semiarid subtropical and tropical environments where it is often exposed to high temperatures around flowering. Projected climate change is likely to increase the incidence of exposure to high temperature, with potential adverse effects on growth, development and grain yield. The objectives of this study were to explore genetic variability for the effects of high temperature on crop growth and development, in vitro pollen germination and seed-set. Eighteen diverse sorghum genotypes were grown at day : night temperatures of 32 : 21°C (optimum temperature, OT) and 38 : 21°C (high temperature, HT during the middle of the day) in controlled environment chambers. HT significantly accelerated development, and reduced plant height and individual leaf size. However, there was no consistent effect on leaf area per plant. HT significantly reduced pollen germination and seed-set percentage of all genotypes; under HT, genotypes differed significantly in pollen viability percentage (17–63%) and seed-set percentage (7–65%). The two traits were strongly and positively associated (R2 = 0.93, n = 36, P < 0.001), suggesting a causal association. The observed genetic variation in pollen and seed-set traits should be able to be exploited through breeding to develop heat-tolerant varieties for future climates.

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