Male functionality in Garcinia celebica L., a candidate ancestor species of mangosteen (G. mangostana L.)

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 685-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornsawan Sutthinon ◽  
Lacey Samuels ◽  
Upatham Meesawat
Keyword(s):  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is widely cultivated for its prized fruit, but its origins are unclear as this crop has not been found in the wild. Seashore mangosteen (Garcinia celebica L.) has been proposed as a candidate ancestral species for the mangosteen male parent in a hypothesized hybridization event, yet the functionality of the male organs in perfect flowers of G. celebica has not been characterized. The objective of this study was to describe pollen development in G. celebica using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Male gametophyte development led to viable pollen at anthesis. The tapetum was of the secretory type, and it started to degrade following meiosis II, which corresponded to the complete encasement of a callose wall around the microspore tetrad. Pollen viability, demonstrated with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) assays, was 68%. An in-vitro pollen germination assay was developed, and the rate of germination was remarkably similar to the viability (68%). Male functionality was clearly confirmed by both the high rate of pollen viability and germination. The occurrence of stigmatic exudates on pistillode and its pollen features are consistent with biotic pollination. The perfect flower of G. celebica is thus a functional male flower.

scholarly journals In VitroPollen Viability and Pollen Germination in Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasusL.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melekber Sulusoglu ◽  
Aysun Cavusoglu
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Germinated Pollen ◽  
Cherry Laurel ◽  
Better Than

Pollen quality is important for growers and breeders. This study was carried out to determinein vitropollen viability and pollen germination in seven genotypes of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasusL.). Two pollen viability tests, TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) and IKI (iodine potassium iodide), were used. Pollen traits of genotypes were studied using anin vitromedium containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% sucrose to determine the best sucrose concentrations for germination. In the second step, the germinated pollen was counted 1, 4, 6, 10, 12, 24, and 48 hours later until there was no further germination. The viability rates were different according to genotypes and tests used. The IKI and TTC staining tests and pollen germination had low correlation (r2= 0.0614 andr2= 0.0015, resp.). Painted pollen rate was higher and pollen was well-stained with IKI test and pollen viability estimated with TTC staining test was better than that estimated with the IKI staining test. 15% sucrose gave the best germination rates in most of the genotypes. Pollen germination rates were recorded periodically from one hour to 48 hours in 15% sucrose and the results showed that pollen germination rates increased after 6 hours of being placed in culture media.

scholarly journals Floral Morphology and Development in Georgia Plume, Elliottia racemosa (Ericaceae), a Rare Coastal Plain Endemic

2010 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-493
Author(s):  
Carrie A. Radcliffe ◽  
James M. Affolter ◽  
Hazel Y. Wetzstein
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
In The Wild

Georgia plume (Elliottia racemosa) is a threatened woody plant endemic to the Coastal Plain region of Georgia in the southeastern United States. Seed set is low in most populations, and sexual recruitment has not been observed in recent times. The objective of this study was to describe the floral biology of georgia plume. which is fundamental information needed to develop an understanding of the causes for lack of sexual reproduction in natural populations. Floral development was characterized and morphological characteristics at key developmental stages ranging from small, unopened buds to open flowers with receptive stigmas were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Flowering is protandrous, and anthers dehisce releasing pollen within closed buds before stigmas are receptive. Pollen tetrads, aggregated by viscin strands, are presented on unreceptive stigmas when petals reflex. Receptive stigmas developed a raised and lobed central region with a clefted opening leading to a stylar canal containing exudate produced in secretory regions. Receptivity of the non-papillate stigma is indicated by the formation of an exudate droplet, which is formed within 1 day after flower opening. Pollen viability was low to moderate; tetrad germination ranged from 20% to 40% using in vitro germination assays indicating poor pollen quality and may contribute to lack of seed development in some populations. No developmental abnormalities in stigmas or styles were observed indicating other factors are responsible for lack of sexual recruitment in the wild.

scholarly journals Viability, production and morphology of pollen grains for different species in the genus Manihot (Euphorbiaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia de Jesus Vieira ◽  
Taliane Leila Soares ◽  
Mônica Lanzoni Rossi ◽  
Alfredo Augusto Cunha Alves ◽  
Francisco de Assis Ribeiro dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Average Production ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Accessions ◽  
Floral Bud

The objective of this work was to characterize the viability, production and morphology of pollen for different species in the genus Manihot. Floral buds from Manihot accessions were collected from two germplasm banks at Embrapa Cassava & Fruits. The viability of the pollen was assessed via colorimetric, in vitro and in vivo assays. The diameter of the pollen grains was determined by measuring the transversal length of the grain. The experimental design was entirely randomized. Studies on pollen ultrastructure were performed via scanning electron microscopy. Pollen viability was high in the colorimetric tests and intermediate in vivo tests; there was no germination in the in vitro tests. The average production for all accessions was 1,253 pollen grains per floral bud. The size of the pollen grains varied from 132 to 163 µm in the wild accessions, and 129 to 146 µm in the cultivated accessions. The pollen grains for all accessions were very large, apolar, spherical as well as inaperturate, with an exine ornamented with pila organized in a Croton pattern. The wild accessions, in general, produced more and larger pollen grains compared with the cultivated accessions.

scholarly journals SCREENING CAPSICUM GENOTYPES FOR INCREASED DROUGHT TOLERANCE BY IN VITRO POLLEN GERMINATION AND POLLEN TUBE LENGTH

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Y. Arnaoudova ◽  
B. Arnaoudov
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Lower Productivity

Yield realizing in vegetable crops depends on several reproductive processes that include pollen fertility as well as pollen tubes germination and growth. The study was conducted as the pollen characteristics fertility and viability were used, as well as the productivity for evaluation of drought tolerance in four pepper genotypes Capsicum annuum L. From the conducted cytological analyses was found that decreasing the water standard with 50% exert negative influence over the male gametophyte and the pollen fertility decreases with up to 37.4% average. More sensitive to drought showed to be the plants from both cultivars Pazardzhishka kapia and Albena, in which lower productivity and lower restorable potential were found in comparison with those found in the mutant lines No.1936 and No.1917. Increased tolerance showed the male gametophyte of line No.1936. After a drought in it were found the highest values for pollen viability – 33.4% average pollen germination and 438.7µm pollen tubes length which was with proven mathematical difference compared with the rest of the genotypes. These results showed that pollen fertility analyses and pollen viability analyses in drought plants could be used for evaluation of the drought tolerance.

Pollen viability of some Populus species as indicated by in vitro pollen germination and tetrazolium chloride staining

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1086-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora ◽  
Louis Zsuffa
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Populus Species

The viability of pollen of Populus deltoides, P. maximowiczii, and P. nigra was assessed by in vitro germination and by use of 0.5% 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining techniques. An agar medium with 10% sucrose resulted in maximum germination of P. deltoides and P. nigra pollen, while the medium with 20% sucrose was a optimal fo P. maximowiczii. Pollen staining in TTC for 1 h at 30 °C gave a good indication of pollen viability as determined by germination and seed set in poplar breeding programs. Significant differences in viability were observed among species, but not among clones and replications.

Fibrous ferrierite from Lovelock, Nevada, USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Gualtieri ◽  
Alessandro Zoboli ◽  
Dario Di Giuseppe ◽  
Cecilia Baraldi ◽  
Maria Cristina Gamberini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Crystal Habit ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mineral Fibre ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Different Content

<p>Ferrierite is the name of a family of zeolite minerals that includes three species with the same topological framework (FER) but with different content of extra-framework cations. In Nevada (USA), the zeolite-rich tuff deposit of Lovelock is the largest occurrence of diagenetic ferrierite-Mg, one of the member of the family. Recent studies have shown that Lovelock ferrierite can exhibit fibrous-asbestiform crystal habit and may possess the same physical-chemical and crystallographic properties of carcinogenic fibrous erionite, Nevertheless, it has not yet been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Nowadays, outcrops hosting fibrous ferrierite are being mined in Nevada for commercial purposes. Dust generated by these excavation activities may expose workforces and general public to this potential natural hazard. The main goal of this study was to perform a mineralogical and morphometric characterisation of the tuff deposit at Lovelock and evaluate the distribution of fibrous ferrierite in the outcrop. For this purpose, a multi-analytical approach including X-ray powder diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques, micro-Raman spectroscopy, thermal analyses, and surface-area determination was applied. The results indicate that fibrous ferrierite is widespread in the deposit and intermixed with mordenite and feldspar, although there are variations in the spatial distribution in the bedrock. The crystal habit of the ferrierite ranges from prismatic to asbestiform (elongated, thin and slightly flexible) and fibres are aggregated in bundles. According to the WHO counting criteria, most of the ferrierite fibres can be classified as breathable. While waiting for confirmatory in vitro and in vivo tests to assess the actual toxicity/pathogenicity potential of this mineral fibre, it is recommended to adopt a precautionary approach for mining operations in this area to reduce the risk of exposure.</p>

Maytansine-Induced Mitotic Arrest in Human Lymphoblasts

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
Tai-Te Chao ◽  
John Sullivan ◽  
Awtar Krishan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tubulin Polymerization ◽  
Vinca Alkaloids ◽  
Antimitotic Activity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Flow Microfluorometry ◽  
Brain Tubulin

Maytansine, a novel ansa macrolide (1), has potent anti-tumor and antimitotic activity (2, 3). It blocks cell cycle traverse in mitosis with resultant accumulation of metaphase cells (4). Inhibition of brain tubulin polymerization in vitro by maytansine has also been reported (3). The C-mitotic effect of this drug is similar to that of the well known Vinca- alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine. This study was carried out to examine the effects of maytansine on the cell cycle traverse and the fine struc- I ture of human lymphoblasts.Log-phase cultures of CCRF-CEM human lymphoblasts were exposed to maytansine concentrations from 10-6 M to 10-10 M for 18 hrs. Aliquots of cells were removed for cell cycle analysis by flow microfluorometry (FMF) (5) and also processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FMF analysis of cells treated with 10-8 M maytansine showed a reduction in the number of G1 cells and a corresponding build-up of cells with G2/M DNA content.

Correlation Between Cellular Functions and Morphological Changes of Human Trophoblast in Vitro

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
John C. Garancis ◽  
Robert O. Hussa ◽  
Michael T. Story ◽  
Donald Yorde ◽  
Roland A. Pattillo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Human Trophoblast ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Marked Activity ◽  
Malignant Trophoblast

Human malignant trophoblast cells in continuous culture were incubated for 3 days in medium containing 1 mM N6-O2'-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) and 1 mM theophylline. The culture fluid was replenished daily. Stimulated cultures secreted many times more chorionic gonadotropin and estrogens than did control cultures in the absence of increased cellular proliferation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed remarkable surface changes of stimulated cells. Control cells (not stimulated) were smooth or provided with varying numbers of microvilli (Fig. 1). The latter, usually, were short and thin. The surface features of stimulated cells were considerably different. There was marked increase of microvilli which appeared elongated and thick. Many cells were covered with confluent polypoid projections (Fig. 2). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated marked activity of cytoplasmic organelles. Mitochondria were increased in number and size; some giant forms with numerous cristae were observed.

Hemolysis of erythrocytes by the hemolytic system from the blood-feeding stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 690-691
Author(s):  
H. J. Kirch ◽  
G. Spates ◽  
R. Droleskey ◽  
W.J. Kloft ◽  
J.R. DeLoach
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Erythrocyte Lysis ◽  
Mammalian Blood ◽  
Bovine Erythrocytes ◽  
Potential Tool

Blood feeding insects have to rely on the protein content of mammalian blood to insure reproduction. A substantial quantity of protein is provided by hemoglobin present in erythrocytes. Access to hemoglobin is accomplished only via erythrocyte lysis. It has been shown that midgut homogenates from the blood feeding stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, contain free fatty acids and it was proposed that these detergent-like compounds play a major role as hemolysins in the digestive physiology of this species. More recently sphingomyelinase activity was detected in midgut preparations of this fly, which would provide a potential tool for the enzymatic cleavage of the erythrocyte's membrane sphingomyelin. The action of specific hemolytic factors should affect the erythrocyte's morphology. The shape of bovine erythrocytes undergoing in vitro hemolysis by crude midgut homogenates from the stable fly was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

Application of Transmission Electron Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope in experimental tumor studies

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
Gao Fengming
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Malignant Transformation ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Experimental Tumor ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Embryo Cells ◽  
Tumor Studies ◽  
Scanning Electron

Transmission electron microscope(TEM) and scanning electron microscope(SEM) were widely used in experimental tumor studies. They are useful for evaluation of cellular transformation in vitro, classification of histological types of tumors and treating effect of tumors. We have obtained some results as follows:1. Studies on the malignant transformation of mammalian cells in vitro. Syrian golden hamster embryo cells(SGHEC) were transformed in vitro by ThO2 and/or ore dust. In a few days after dust added into medium, some dust crystals were phagocytized. Two weeks later, malignant transformation took place. These cells were of different size, nuclear pleomorphism, numerous ribosomes, increasing of microvilli on cell surface with various length and thickness, and blebs and ruffles(Figs. 1,2). Myelomonocytic leukemic transformation of mouse embryo cells(MEC) was induced in vitro by 3H-TdR. Transformed cells were become round from fusiform. The number of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum was reduced, ribosomes and nucleoli increased, shape of nuclei irregular, microvilli increased, and blebs and ruffles appeared(Fig. 3).

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