Mangostanin, a Xanthone Derived from Garcinia mangostana Fruit, Exerts Protective and Reparative Effects on Oxidative Damage in Human Keratinocytes

The fruit of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) is known in ancient traditional Asian medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. These effects are mainly due to the action of polyphenols known as xanthones, which are contained in the pericarp of the fruit. In recent years, there has been a growing interest from pharmaceutical companies in formulating new topicals based on mangosteen full extracts to prevent skin aging. However, the molecules responsible for these effects and the mechanisms involved have not been investigated so far. Here, the arils and shells of Garcinia mangostana were extracted with chloroform and methanol, and the extracts were further purified to yield 12 xanthone derivatives. Their effects were evaluated using in vitro cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes. After confirming the absence of cytotoxicity, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of these compounds, identifying mangostanin as capable of both protecting and restoring oxidative damage induced by H2O2. We showed how mangostanin, by reducing the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), prevents the activation of AKT (protein kinase B), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), p53, and other cellular pathways underlying cell damage and apoptosis activation. In conclusion, our study is the first to demonstrate that mangostanin is effective in protecting the skin from the action of free radicals, thus preventing skin aging, confirming a potential toward its development in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical fields.

Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of Aloe Vera, Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Curcuma Longa, Garcinia Cambogia, and Garcinia Mangostana Extracts in Lowering Body Weight in Obesity: A Literature Review

The habits of today's society, which are influenced by economic growth and globalization have brought new lifestyles, especially those related to diet, resulting in minimal physical activity accompanied by a high calorie intake. This energy imbalance can lead to the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, which is still a burden on the world today. Some plants in Indonesia are believed to help lose weight, such as Aloe vera, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Curcuma longa, Garcinia cambogia, and Garcinia mangostana. This literature review was conducted to determine the effects of Aloe vera, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Curcuma longa, Garcinia cambogia, and Garcinia mangostana on weight loss and preventing obesity. The review of twelve relevant articles concluded that Aloe vera, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Curcuma longa, Garcinia cambogia, and Garcinia mangostana have the potential to prevent and treat obesity but further research is required.

Nanoemulsions containing Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract for topical applications: Development, characterization, and in vitro percutaneous penetration assay

A highly stable oil-in-water nanoemulsion for topical applications, containing mangostins extracted from the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), is a promising strategy to protect mangostins as well as to improve penetration of these important antioxidants through the skins. Nanoemulsions consisted of virgin coconut oil as the oil phase, Tween-80 and Span-80 as surfactants, and xanthan gum as the thickening agent, were prepared using the high-energy and low-energy emulsification methods. The nanoemulsions that were stable up to 28 days had oil droplet diameter of 220 nm to 353 nm and zeta potential of -46.9 mV to -63.7 mV. The accelerated stability test showed that the most stable nanoemulsions were those prepared using the low-energy emulsification method with an estimated shelf life of eleven months, composed of 11% oil phase, 17% surfactant, and 72% aqueous phase. The in vitro percutaneous penetration test for the nanoemulsion with added xanthan gum provided high cumulative skin penetration of mangostins of up to 114 μg/cm2. The results of this study indicate that virgin coconut oil-based nanoemulsions containing mangostins, prepared using the low-energy emulsification method, stabilized by xanthan gum and mixed at 40°C can prospectively be used for topical applications.

Test of the Effectiveness of Anti-Dyslipedemia Extract Ethanol Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia Mangostana L.) in Male Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for atheroscler heart disease, stroke, and is often defined as abnormalities or disruption of lipid metabolism. Garcinia mangostana L. is famous for its anti-inflammatory properties and is used in the treatment of skin infections and wounds. The main phytochemicals present in this species are anisoprenylated xanthone, many reports of biological effects, such as antioxidant, pro-apoptosis, anti-proliferative, anti-nosiseptif, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti-obesity. This study aims to find out the effectiveness of mangosteen peel ethanol extract as an anti-dyslipidemia in male wistar rats given a high-fat diet. This type of research is experimental with a Pre-test approach and Post-test group only control design. The samples used were mangosteen peel ethanol extract and male wistar rats, with the size of the sample calculated with Federer's formula. Analyze data with the One-Way Anova Test if the data is normally distributed with advanced tests in the form of Post Hoc Tukey HSD tests to see real differences between treatments. The results of the total cholesterol study in the entire treatment group of mice showed a significant difference in P values < 0.05. Triglyceride levels in the entire treatment group also showed significant differences, this can be seen from the value of P < 0.05 (Value P = 0.029). LDL levels also showed significant differences across the treatment group, which can be seen from the P value of < 0.05. HDL levels make a significant difference in the value of P < 0.05 (Value P = 0.029). SGOT and SGPT levels in the entire group of rat treatment showed significant differences, this was seen from the value of P < 0.05. The conclusion that mangosteen peel ethanol extract significantly lowered total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, LDL levels, SGOT levels compared to the control group. Mangosteen peel ethanol extract can significantly increase HDL levels compared to the control group.

Vegetation and Soil Carbon under Various Forest Management Types: Case of Karang Sidemen Community Forest in Lombok, Eastern Indonesia

The condition of community-managed forest areas varies according to biophysics characteristics and management activities. This study aims to investigate the condition of vegetation and soil carbon stocks of various types of forest management by the community in Karang Sidemen Village, Lombok, Indonesia. In the study area, it was found 4 types of landuse management, namely; dense forest-like vegetation (Tp1), moderate vegetation with intensive (Tp2) and less intensive (Tp3) under-stand cultivation, and sparse vegetation resembling dryland agriculture (Tp4). Vegetation condition was analyzed based on satellite derived NDVI index and field observation. Sentinel satellite images for 2015 and 2019, with a resolution of 10x10 m was used. Field data collection was carried out in August 2019. It was made 5 sample plots of 20x20 m for each management type. Vegetation data with diameter (D) ≥ 20 cm, 10 cm ≤D< 20 cm, 2 cm ≤D< 10 cm and D< 2 cm were collected from plots of 20x20 m, subplots 10x10 m, 5x5 m and 2x2 m, respectively. Soil samples were taken diagonally on a 20x20 m plot, at a depth of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm. The results showed that the NDVI derived vegetation index for 2015 and 2019 images showed different patterns for the four types of management. The number of species for Tp1, Tp2, Tp3 and Tp4 were 9, 15, 9 and 8 species, respectively. The dominant species are generally from groups of plants providing economic benefits such as avocado (Persea americana), candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), coffee (Coffea canephora), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and guava (Psidium guajava). Soil carbon stocks of the four types of management at a depth of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm were18.61-21.04 tons C/ha, 16.56-20.80 tons C/ha, 29.66-34.48 tons C/ha and 27.54 - 33.66 tons C/ha, respectively. The soil carbon stock of denser vegetation is higher than that of medium and sparse vegetation. Therefore, forest management with the community needs to maintain forest-like vegetation.

A REVIEW ON VARIOUS FORMULATION OF NANOEMULSIONS IN COSMETICS WITH PLANT EXTRACTS AS THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

This review conducted to compare the difference of the formulation of nanoemulsion cosmetics by plant extracts between Centella asiatica, seed oil from Rubus idaeus, Phyllanthus urinaria, Garcinia mangostana L., Vellozia sauamata, and Cordyceps militaris extract. Materials and methods was taken from several literature in valid databases that focuses on current status of the formulation of nanoemulsion and its characteristics, nanoemulsion cosmetics, and formulation of nanoemulsion cosmetics that are made by plant extract as the active ingredient. Comparison of the formulas above can be seen from various aspects. Referring to each article, 4 out of 6 formulas use high energy techniques and the rest use low energy techniques. Formula 1, 3, 6 use high energy technique with high pressure homogenization, and formula 4 uses ultrasonication, which is still a high energy technique. Formulas 2 and 5 use low energy techniques, namely formula 2 using Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) and formula 5 using Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT). High-Pressure Homogenizer (HPH) is the most widely used for the manufacture of nanoemulsions. In terms of formula, the use of components such as surfactant, cosurfactant, oil phase, and water phase is also different from the 6 formulas presented. Even though all of the six formulas are different, the active ingredients in the form of nanoemulsions need to be tested until finally the goal of the cosmetic product is achieved.

The Effectiveness of Alpha Mangostin on Kidney Physiology and Histopathology in Type II Diabetes Mellitus

The compound isolate alpha Mangostin was the most dominant compound found in the rind and trunk of the mangosteen fruit tree (Garcinia mangostana L.). Alpha Mangostin compounds have pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, and other bioactivities. This study aims to determine the bioactivity of alpha Mangostin on kidney function and histopathology in type II diabetes mellitus. This study used an experimental research design with posttest only control group; this study used 36 rats consisting of 6 groups, namely negative control group, positive control group, standard medicine, and the treatment of lecturers alpha Mangostin 10 mg/kg body weight, 30 mg/kg body weight, and 50 mg/kg BW. Parameters measured in this study were uric acid, BUN, creatinine, and renal histopathological evaluation. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the examination of creatinine levels, but the BUN and uric acid did not show significant results (p > 0.05) in each group. Observations on renal histopathology showed that alpha Mangostin could normalize damaged kidney tissue compared to positive controls. So it can be concluded that alpha Mangostin isolates in mangosteen has the potential as kidney bioactivity in type II diabetes.