Discrete proteins associated with overwintering of interior spruce and Douglas-fir seedlings

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dane R. Roberts ◽  
Peter Toivonen ◽  
Stephanie M. McInnis
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Sodium Dodecylsulfate ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Storage Reserve ◽  
Seasonal Decline ◽  
Pseudostuga Menziesii

Seasonal protein changes were followed in seedlings of interior spruce (a mixture of Picea glauca and P. englemannii) and Douglas-fir (Pseudostuga menziesii) by sodium dodecylsulfate – polyacrylimide gel electrophoresis. A 30-kDa protein in seedlings of Douglas-fir and a 30- and 27-kDa protein in interior spruce that were not detected in the late summer accumulated in seedling tissues during the fall. These proteins remained present throughout the winter but declined rapidly in seedlings during the initial flush of spring growth. There was an increase in the total protein content of interior spruce seedling tissues during the fall; however, the accumulation of the 30- and 27-kDa protein was tissue specific, since it increased in the apical bud, shoot, and root tissue but not in the leaves. By late fall these proteins represented approximately 15% of the total seedling protein. Measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that the accumulation of these overwintering proteins was associated with the seasonal decline in photosynthetic capacity. These results suggest that conifer seedlings may utilize these proteins as a storage reserve during overwintering. Key words: conifers, electrophoresis, overwintering, proteins, seasonal, seedlings.

Planting stock performance: Site and RGP effects

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Simpson ◽  
Alan Vyse
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
South Central ◽  
Interior Spruce

Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca (Beissn.) Franco], interior spruce [Picea glauca Moench (Voss), Picea engelmannii (Parry) and their naturally occurring hybrids] and lodge-pole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings were planted on several forest sites in south central British Columbia. At planting, root growth potential (number of newly elongated roots longer than 10 mm per seedling) was determined. Trees were assessed for survival and height for at least five years. Survival of Douglas-fir and growth of all three species was affected by planting site, probably reflecting moisture and growing season temperature differences among sites. High (> 70%) survival, but not total height or mean annual relative growth rate was associated with root growth potential levels greater than 10 new roots per seedling in interior spruce and lodgepole pine. Survival and growth of Douglas-fir were not related to root growth potential. Fertilization of interior spruce seedlings at planting decreased survival 18% over seven growing seasons, and did not affect growth of surviving seedlings. Key words: reforestation, root growth potential, seedling quality, Douglas-fir, interior spruce, lodgepole pine, field performance

Fungal deterioration of second-growth Douglas-fir logs in coastal British Columbia

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1541-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Smith ◽  
H. M. Craig ◽  
D. Chu
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Deterioration Rate ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Fungal Deterioration

Fungal deterioration of second-growth Douglas-fir logs, felled each month from August 1961 to May 1962, was studied 2, 4, and 6 years after felling. Decay increased from 10% of log volumes after 2 years to 47% after 6 years. The rate of decay, particularly for the brown cubical type, was greater for autumn- and winter-felled logs than for those felled in the spring and late summer, and closely paralleled the seasonal pattern of ambrosia beetle attack.Decay rates increased with decreasing log size, increasing percentage of sapwood, and increasing height of log above ground. For the same diameter of log, base logs decayed less rapidly than second logs, possibly because of their lower proportion of sapwood in relation to heartwood.Decay expressed as a percentage of total log volume (Y) may be estimated (R2 = 0.71) with the following equation: Y = 13.2 + 10.7X1 − 3.2X2, where X1 = years elapsed and X2 = d.i.b. (diameter inside bark) top of log.Of 30 wood-decay fungi isolated, Naematoloma sp. (N. capnoides or N. fasciculare), which causes a white rot, was associated with the most decay. Fomes pinicola was mainly responsible for brown cubical sap rot, while Poria monticola and P. carbonica caused a brown cubical heart rot at the ends of logs.The significance of variations in deterioration rate and fungal associates is discussed in relation to log durability and salvability.

Frost hardiness, height, and dormancy of 15 short-day, nursery-treated interior spruce seed lots

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1096-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
C DB Hawkins ◽  
K B Shewan
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Day Nursery

Fifteen seed lots, five each from natural-stand, seed-orchard, and full-sib collections, of interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., and their naturally occurring hybrids) were sown in February 1993. One half of each seed lot received an ambient photoperiod (control) treatment, while the other half got a blackout (short-day) treatment. All seedlings were grown under ambient photoperiod except during the 17 days of blackout. Frost hardiness assessments were done between July and May. Blackout treatment was effective in regulating height and promoting frost hardiness in all seed lots, particularly vigorous ones. Seed lots originating from high latitude or elevation were more frost hardy both at fall lift and spring planting. Full-sib seed lots from similar latitude displayed no elevational frost-hardiness trend. Blackout treatment promoted seedling dormancy (estimated with days to bud break) at lift, but it had little or no effect on dormancy at planting. Seedling dormancy and frost hardiness were acquired and lost differently, suggesting that they are independent physiological processes. Blackout treatment significantly reduced new roots at planting in all lots. This could retard early field performance and negate the apparent utility of blackout treatment.

scholarly journals Planted stock performance 10 years after partial cutting in west-central British Columbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Waterhouse ◽  
E. C. Wallich ◽  
N. M. Daintith ◽  
H. M. Armleder
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Partial Harvest ◽  
Interior Spruce

Mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests were harvested using group selection (GS) (0.02-ha openings) and irregular group shelterwood (IGS) (0.05-ha openings) systems to maintain arboreal and terrestrial lichens in the winter range of northern woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Ten years after planting, lodgepole pine showed excellent survival, but were smaller in the partial cut openings compared to the clearcuts. Pine grew less in the Sub-Boreal Pine–Spruce biogeoclimatic subzone (SBPSxc) than in the Montane Spruce subzone (MSxv), and trees were smaller in the GS versus IGS treatment within the MSxv subzone. Interior spruce (Picea glauca × engelmannii) grew best in the MSxv and partial cut treatments, but was significantly affected by summer frost in the clearcuts. In an operational-scale Adaptive Management trial, openings were enlarged to 0.15 ha, and both pine and spruce showed excellent survival, minimal frost damage, and 10-year size similar to clearcut conditions. This study suggests that lodgepole pine and interior spruce can be successfully regenerated in partial cut openings with acceptable growth in gaps of 0.15 ha. Key words: caribou, group selection, interior spruce, irregular group shelterwood, light level, lodgepole pine, Montane Spruce zone, partial harvest, soil moisture, soil temperature, Sub-Boreal Pine Spruce zone, summer frost

Stand growth responses after fertilization for thinned lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and spruce in forests of interior British Columbia, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1471-1482
Author(s):  
Woongsoon Jang ◽  
Bianca N.I. Eskelson ◽  
Louise de Montigny ◽  
Catherine A. Bealle Statland ◽  
Derek F. Sattler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Responses

This study was conducted to quantify growth responses of three major commercial conifer species (lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson), interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and spruce (white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and hybrid spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière))) to various fertilizer blends in interior British Columbia, Canada. Over 25 years, growth-response data were repeatedly collected across 46 installations. The fertilizer blends were classified into three groups: nitrogen only; nitrogen and sulfur combined; and nitrogen, sulfur, and boron combined. The growth responses for stand volume, basal area, and top height were calculated through absolute and relative growth rate ratios relative to a controlled group. Fertilizer blend, inverse years since fertilization, site index, stand density at fertilization, and their interactions with the fertilizer blend were used as explanatory variables. The magnitude and significance of volume and basal area growth responses to fertilization differed by species, fertilizer-blend groups, and stand-condition variables (i.e., site index and stand density). In contrast, the response in top height growth did not differ among fertilization blends, with the exception of the nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer subgroup for lodgepole pine. The models developed in this study will be incorporated into the current growth and yield fertilization module (i.e., Table Interpolation Program for Stand Yields (TIPSY)), thereby supporting guidance of fertilization applications in interior forests in British Columbia.

The potential for woody understory plants to provide refuge for ectomycorrhizal inoculum at an interior Douglas-fir forest after clear-cut logging

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M Hagerman ◽  
Stacey M Sakakibara ◽  
Daniel M Durall
Keyword(s):  
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Fungal Inoculum ◽  
Pseudostuga Menziesii ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

Clear-cut logging can decrease the amount of inoculum for some ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ectomycorrhizal plants that are not selected for harvest (refuge plants) may, therefore, be important for the maintenance of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum in clearcuts following logging. The purpose of this study was to identify refuge plants that could provide ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum for outplanted seedlings. The ectomycorrhizal status of selected plants was assessed in 1.6-ha clearcuts and in adjacent forest. Over 3 years, 17 and 14 morphotypes were described for Pseudostuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng, respectively. Ten morphotypes (six of these confirmed with restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns) were shared by both species. Anatomical and molecular analyses revealed that, for the morphotypes observed, ectomycorrhizal fungi formed ectomycorrhizal anatomy when associated with Douglas-fir and arbutoid anatomy with A. uva-ursi. Because advanced regeneration seedlings of Douglas-fir and A. uva-ursi are well distributed throughout this site, these two species have a high potential to provide ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum for outplanted seedlings. There was no difference in mycorrhizal richness between A. uva-ursi plants sampled from the clearcut and forest in the latter 2 years of the study. Conversely, the richness of ectomycorrhizae associated with Douglas-fir sampled from the forest was significantly greater than for seedlings sampled from the clearcuts.

THE NITROGEN METABOLISM OF PICEA GLAUCA (MOENCH) VOSS AND PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB. AS INFLUENCED BY MINERAL NUTRITION

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan ◽  
F. C. Steward
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Guanidino Compounds ◽  
Low Potassium

White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were grown in sand cultures by Swan (who reported on their growth in 1960) and they were irrigated with full nutrient solution high in sodium, or solutions deficient in each of several nutrients. Responses characteristic of the following six treatments were studied: full nutrient but with low sodium; nitrate or ammonium as the sole source of nitrogen; low nitrogen; low phosphorus; and low potassium. When shoot elongation had ceased, extracts of seedling parts (leaves, stems with buds, and roots) were examined by paper-chromatographic methods for free nitrogenous compounds.In leaves, the relative proportions of nitrogenous compounds in spruce and pine differed from those in the stems and roots. Nutrient deficiency and the form of nitrogen available affected both the total amount and relative composition of the soluble nitrogen. Under better mineral nutrient conditions, arginine accumulated while amide (glutamine) remained low. The accumulation of a number of compounds resulting from nutritional deficiency, for example glutamine, with low potassium, indicated that blocks occurred in metabolic pathways. Ammonium nitrogen was shown to foster arginine and amides (especially in spruce) and to lead to a large increase of free guanidino compounds which hitherto have passed unnoticed. By contrast, in leaves nourished by nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen, guanidino compounds were less prominent. Under the conditions of reduced growth and protein synthesis brought about by specified nutrient deficiencies, many unidentified compounds, which were not known intermediates of the ornithine or urea cycle, appeared.The present study dealt with observations made at one season of the year (late summer) and does not preclude the occurrence of somewhat different responses which might have been observed at other times of the year.

Potential for pheromone-baited traps to predict seed loss caused by Contarinia oregonensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Morewood ◽  
W.D. Morewood ◽  
R.G. Bennett ◽  
G. Gries
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Gall Midges ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Positive Correlations

AbstractIn seed orchards of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Pinaceae), located in Washington State and Oregon, United States, we tested whether catches of male Douglas-fir cone gall midges, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, in pheromone-baited traps can be used to predict the extent of galled scales (= seed loss at harvest) caused by developing larvae. In 2000, 27 experimental blocks (4–7 ha each) were selected. In each block we recorded mean numbers of (i) male C. oregonensis captured in 20 pheromone-baited Wing traps, (ii) egg-infested scales in up to 50 conelets in early spring, and (iii) galled scales in up to 50 cones in late summer. In 2001, the experiment was repeated with 20 Delta traps in each of 26 experimental blocks. Moreover, catches of C. oregonensis and nontarget insects in Delta traps and Wing traps were compared in one additional orchard block in 2001. In both years there were positive correlations between mean numbers of egg-infested and galled scales and between mean numbers of captured male C. oregonensis and mean numbers of both egg-infested and galled scales, particularly when only experimental blocks with ≥50% of trees bearing at least 5 conelets were considered. Our results suggest that 4 or 2 captured male C. oregonensis in Wing or Delta traps, respectively, warrant insecticidal control of C. oregonensis. Delta traps, which captured fewer nontarget insects, would be more suitable than Wing traps for operational implementation of this technology.

Area-based breeding zones to minimize maladaptation

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A O'Neill ◽  
Sally N Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
Breeding Zone ◽  
Abc Analysis ◽  
Predetermined Number

A new breeding zone delineation scheme identifies for a given number of zones the zone-boundary placement that minimizes regional maladaptation in breeding programs. First, an adaptive map is created by using conventional genetic test data. Then, the large array of predicted adaptive values is subjected to cluster analysis, which assigns each grid cell of the region to one of a predetermined number of clusters (breeding zones) such that the sum of the squared distances between each cell's adaptive value and its cluster mean is minimized. This approach minimizes the average adaptive distance between the origin of a breeding program's selected trees and planting locations throughout the region of focus. The procedure is illustrated by the use of adaptive values of 69 interior spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) open-pollinated families (sources) from southeast British Columbia, Canada. Adaptive values of each 1.5 km × 1.5 km grid cell in the 80 000-km2 region were predicted using a geneco logical model (R2 = 0.64), and the values were subjected to cluster analysis to identify breeding zone boundaries that were then mapped using a geographic information system. Regardless of the number of zones created, a regional maladaptation index was consistently smaller when zones were devised with area-based cluster (ABC) analysis than when zones were created by dividing the region into bands of equal elevational or adaptive-value widths. Application of the ABC procedure should assist in identifying the optimum breeding-zone alignment for a given number of zones.

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