Screening for wood-degrading enzymes in marine fungi

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2116-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rohrmann ◽  
H. P. Molitoris
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Wood Degradation ◽  
Media Distribution ◽  
Water Media ◽  
Sporotrichum Pulverulentum ◽  
Terrestrial Fungi

Forty marine and 15 terrestrial fungi in the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes were screened for presence and relative amount of enzymes involved in wood degradation (cellulases and redox enzymes) using seawater and deionized water media. Distribution of cellulases, laccase, tyrosinase, and peroxidase among marine and terrestrial groups of fungi was investigated. β-Glucosidase (C4) and endoglucanase (C3) were the most frequent enzymes (80 – 100% of the strains) of cellulose metabolism. Acid-swollen cellulose (C1) was generally more easily degraded than microcrystalline-dyed Avicel® (C2).All groups of strains showed relatively high percentages of cellulases C1, C3, C4, whereas production of cellulase C2 was lower. In comparison with Sporotrichum pulverulentum, a strongly cellulolytic terrestrial Deuteromycete, about 25% of the marine fungi tested showed the same high cellulase activity. Peroxidase was formed by nearly all strains tested at least on seawater medium; tyrosinase was the least frequent enzyme (20 – 35%). The presence of laccase was different among the various fungal systematic groups, reaching its highest percentages in the marine and terrestrial Basidiomycetes and the marine Ascomycetes, which mostly belong to the ecological groups of white-rot and soft-rot fungi, respectively. Enzymes involved in wood degradation were demonstrated in large number and sometimes considerable amounts in wood-inhabiting marine fungi. Key words: marine fungi, wood degradation, cellulase, phenoloxidases, screening, ecology.

Étude comparée de la dégradation de lignocelluloses par différentes souches de Fomes annosus

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Bono ◽  
G. Gas ◽  
A. M. Boudet ◽  
J. Fayret ◽  
C. Delatour
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Degradation ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
Sporotrichum Pulverulentum ◽  
Coniferous Wood ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Low Nitrogen

The ligninolytic activity of Fames annosus has been estimated by radiorespirometric methods using lignocelluloses of Norway spruce and poplar, as substrates, labelled on the lignin moiety. Although F. annosus is mainly a parasite of coniferous wood, poplar lignins were more extensively degraded. 14C-labelled poplar lignocelluloses, labelled either on the lignins moiety or on the overall polymers, were used to compare wood degradation or only specific lignin degradation by the different strains. Moreover, using the best strain, we studied the effect of culture parameters which are known to influence lignin degradation by Sporotrichum pulverulentum. The rate of lignonolysis was enhanced in media with low nitrogen content but was not stimulated by increasing the O2 concentration of the atmosphere. Such data point out the specific behaviour of F. annosus, which differs in some respect from other white-rot fungi.

scholarly journals Resolution, purification and some properties of the multiple forms of cellobiose quinone dehydrogenase from the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum

1986 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
F F Morpeth ◽  
G D Jones
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Anion ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Sedimentation Equilibrium ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Sporotrichum Pulverulentum ◽  
Similar Kinetic

Four forms of cellobiose quinone dehydrogenase have been purified from the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum. The Mr of the enzyme has been estimated by sedimentation equilibrium to be 57,800 and by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel to be 60,000. These enzymes are clearly monomers. Cellobiose quinone dehydrogenases contain FAD and variable amounts of a green chromophore which we suggest is 6-hydroxy-FAD. The superoxide anion and H2O2 are the products of its reaction with oxygen. All of the isoenzymes from any one preparation display similar kinetic parameters. However, these vary between preparations. The only apparent difference between the four separable isoenzymes is their neutral-sugar content.

Performance of waterborne copper/organic wood preservatives in an AWPA E14 soft-rot laboratory soil bed test using modified soil

Holzforschung ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 759-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wood ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Equivalent Efficacy ◽  
Particulate Copper ◽  
Neutral Soil ◽  
Commercial Copper ◽  
Organic Formulations ◽  
Better Than

AbstractSoil chemistry is known to have a major effect on the degradation of treated wood by basidiomycete fungi in laboratory and exterior ground-contact exposures. However, this topic received little attention from a soft-rot (SR) decay perspective. In the present paper, laboratory SR tests were performed with two different types of forest soils, which were also modified. Test samples, made ofPinus glabra(Walt.) (pine) were treated with four commercial copper/organic waterborne preservatives. In addition, soluble or particulate copper and the organic co-biocides quarternary ammonia compound or tebuconazole, were individually examined. After 19 months of soil bed exposure, moderate to severe degradation was observed in all treated samples in both soils. Surprisingly, microscopic examination showed minimal SR decay. Samples in the neutral soil had extensive tunneling bacterial deterioration and the best performance was observed with both copper/quaternary commercial formulations. Samples in the acidic soil appeared to have some white-rot and bacterial deterioration and all four commercial copper/organic formulations showed good statistically equivalent efficacy. For samples treated with only copper, the particulate copper samples performed statistically equivalent or slightly better than amine copper, while samples treated with only the organic quarternary or tebuconazole performed poorly in both soils.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Compressive Strength of Decayed Wood in Magnolia obovata

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Kahoru Matsumoto ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota ◽  
Naoto Habu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Magnolia Obovata ◽  
Weight Loss Ratio

To obtain the basic information needed to estimate the degree of decay from compressive strength measured using a Fractometer (CS), relationships between CS and the contents of chemical components were analyzed for Magnolia wood decayed by three types fungi (brown rot, white rot, and soft rot fungi) at various decay levels. Weight loss ratio was significantly, negatively correlated with CS in woods decayed by brown rot and white rot fungi. In addition, a relatively high correlation coefficient was recognized between CS and holocellulose or α-cellulose content, except for wood decayed by soft rot fungus. The results obtained showed that Fractometer can detect the decrease of CS at relatively early stage of decay.

scholarly journals First Report of Black Soft Rot of Indian Gooseberry Caused by Syncephalastrum racemosum

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelima Garg ◽  
Om Prakash ◽  
B. K. Pandey ◽  
B. P. Singh ◽  
G. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
First Report ◽  
Syncephalastrum Racemosum ◽  
Indian Gooseberry ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests

Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) is a medicinal plant with high nutraceutical value. During November and December 2003, soft rot was noticed on harvested and stored (20 ± 5°C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity) fruits at the experimental farm in Rehmanhera, Lucknow, India (26°50′N, 80°54′E). These fruits had numerous, minute brown necrotic lesions showing white mycelial growth. A pronounced halo of water-soaked, faded tissue surrounded the lesion between the fringe of mycelium and healthy tissues. The rotted surface was covered with a black, powdery layer of spores. On Czapek yeast extract agar, fungal colonies were blackish grey, moderately dense, and covered the entire petri dish. The fungus produced aseptate mycelium. The sporangial heads were 30 to 50 μm in diameter with sporangiospores found linearly within cylindrical sacs (merosporangia) borne on spicules around the columella. Sporangiospores, spherical to cylindrical in shape and borne in chains, measured 3.0 to 5.0 μm long. The fungus was morphologically and physiologically identified as Syncephalastrum racemosum Schr. (2). For pathogenicity tests, healthy fruits (10 replicates) were surface sterilized and punctured inoculated aseptically with 1.0 × 106 conidia and incubated at 20 ± 5°C Typical symptoms of the disease appeared after 4 days. The fungus exhibited a strong level of cellulolytic activity as indicated by prolific growth on Indian gooseberry fiber waste under solid-state fermentation conditions. The level of cellulase activity (1) was 21 filter paper activity unit per ml at 72 hr in culture supernatant of basal medium having carboxymethyl cellulose as the carbon source. The fungus showed resistance to tannins (as much as 2%), since it could grow well in liquid growth medium (Czapek Dox broth) with 2% tannins and aonla juice with 1.8% tannins. Since Indian gooseberry is rich in fiber (2.5 to 3.4%) and tannins (1.5 to 2.0%), this may be an important pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of Syncephalastrum racemosum on Indian gooseberry fruits. References: (1) T. K. Ghose. Pure Appl. Chem. 59(2):257, 1987. (2) J. I. Pitt and A. D. Hocking. Fungi and Food Spoilage. Academic Press. North Ryde, Australia, 1985.

Condensed conifer tannins as antifungal agents in liquid culture

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Kaisa Anttila ◽  
Anna Maria Pirttilä ◽  
Hely Häggman ◽  
Anni Harju ◽  
Martti Venäläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

Abstract In the last decades, many wood preservatives have been prohibited for their ecotoxicity. The present article is focusing on the conifer-derived condensed tannins as environment-friendly options for the substitution of artificial wood preservatives. Eight different tannin fractions were extracted from spruce cones, spruce barks, and pine cones. The parameters of tannin extraction, such as the methods of purification and concentration of active components in the extracts, have been investigated. The cone and bark extracts were tested for the growth inhibition of eight brown-rot fungi, three white-rot fungi, and four soft-rot fungi in liquid cultures. The cone tannins provided a more efficient fungal growth inhibition than bark tannins. Purification increased the antifungal properties of the extracts. The growth of brown-rot fungi was inhibited by the tannins already at low concentrations. However, the extracts were not effective against the white-rot or soft-rot fungi. More investigation is needed concerning the tannin source and the purification procedure of the extracts before tannins can be considered as an ecologically benign wood preservative.

Wood Degradation by Brown-Rot and White-Rot Fungi

2004 ◽  
pp. 355-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mester ◽  
E. Varela ◽  
M. Tien
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Degradation

Biological resistance of nanoclay-treated plastic composites with different bamboo contents to three types of fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1048-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid R Taghiyari ◽  
Ehsan Bari ◽  
Asghar Sistani ◽  
Mohammad Najafian ◽  
Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Trametes Versicolor ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Injection Molded ◽  
Synthetic Matrix

The present study investigated the effects of exposure of bamboo–plastic composites to three aggressive fungi species on mass loss values. Polyvinyl chloride was used as the synthetic matrix of the composite. Three mixing combinations were used for bamboo–polymer composites, namely 40/60, 50/50, and 60/40. The injection-molded process was employed to produce the composites. Specimens were prepared according to modified European standard specifications (EN-113) to be exposed to white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi each month for 4 months. The results indicated that the soft-rot fungus ( Chaetomium globosum) generally caused higher mass losses in all bamboo/plastic combination ratios. Brown- and soft-rot fungi demonstrated different mass losses on different combination ratios. However, the white-rot fungus ( Trametes versicolor) caused nearly the same mass losses on all three combination ratios. Moreover, T. versicolor was highly significant with respect to mass loss and moisture content. It can therefore be concluded that the T. versicolor has a different decay metabolism when compared to the brown- and soft-rot fungus used in this study.

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