scholarly journals The value and propriety of reintroduction as a conservation tool for rare plants

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. v-x ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward O. Guerrant
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Rare Plants ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
The Third ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Locations

Three recent reviews of reintroduction for conservation purposes, which draw on substantial and largely nonoverlapping data sets, have come to strikingly different conclusions about its value. One concludes that “reintroduction is generally unlikely to be a successful conservation strategy as currently conducted”. Another concludes that “…this review cannot conclusively comment on the effectiveness of reintroductions…” The third concludes that there is “strong evidence in support of the notion that reintroduction, especially in combination with ex situ conservation, is a tool that can go a long way toward meeting the needs it was intended to address”. The argument over the conservation value of reintroduction is of more than academic interest. It illustrates a challenge facing land managers and decision makers who may be tempted to act on stated conclusions without thoroughly understanding their underlying assumptions, methodology, and terminology. The differing conclusions can be partially explained by different criteria of what constitutes success, how to measure it, and differing time scales considered. The propriety of reintroduction is briefly discussed and focuses on the following two issues: translocation of naturally occurring individuals to new locations and introduction outside a species' naturally occurring range. Both have appropriate uses but can be used in ways that detract from the survival prospects of taxa.

scholarly journals Struktur Hasil Translokasi Bangunan Vernakular Jawa Timur di Kampoeng Djawi Wonosalam

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Yohanes Vincent Mahendar Bagaskara ◽  
◽  
Yusfan Adeputera Yusran ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
New Locations ◽  
Vernacular Building ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Vernacular Buildings ◽  
Descriptive Method

Vernacular buildings in Indonesia, especially vernacular buildings of East Java, are increasingly diminishing. Many efforts have been made to maintain the existence of vernacular buildings, one of which is ex-situ conservation by re-using it adaptively as a tourist destination as found in Kampoeng Djawi Wonosalam. Translocation of vernacular buildings to new locations and new function causes changes in vernacular buildings, particularly in its structure. Changes occur as an adaption to new locations and new activities that will be accommodated. The objective of this paper is to describe the structural changes in vernacular buildings as the result of translocation. Qualitative descriptive method is used to find the structural changes, so the results obtained are actual facts. Changes that occur then analyzed with the concept of adaptive exoskeleton building. According to the results of observations and analysis, changes that occur in vernacular building translocation are caused by resilience, safety, and visual factors, as well as fulfillment of new activities.

scholarly journals In situ and ex situ conservation gap analyses of crop wild relatives from Malawi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolipher Khaki Mponya ◽  
Tembo Chanyenga ◽  
Joana Magos Brehm ◽  
Nigel Maxted
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Minimum Number

Abstract The study analysed the conservation gaps of the priority crop wild relatives (CWR) taxa for Malawi in order to contribute to the development of a harmonized conservation strategy that helps secure the priority CWR under in situ and ex situ. We used taxa distribution modelling, complementarity analysis and ecogeographic land characterization map to analyse spatial diversity and distribution of 123 priority taxa across different adaptive scenarios. We identified areas of observed and predicted richness, the minimum number of protected areas (PAs) that conserve the broadest ecogeographic diversity in situ and the minimum number of grid cells that capture highest diversity outside PAs to recommend the establishment of genetic reserves. We then analysed the representativeness of the conserved ecogeographic diversity of target taxa in ex situ collections to identify ex situ conservation gaps and advise for priority areas for ex situ collections. For the 123 taxa, 70.7% of the total diversity occurs in 36 PAs with 66.8% of the diversity captured in only 10 complementary PAs. Outside PAs, the broadest diversity was conserved in three grid cells of size 5 × 5 km. Fifty-three of 123 taxa have ex situ collections with only three taxa having ex situ collections at the Malawi Plant Genetic Resources Centre. The findings of this study will guide formulation of conservation actions for the priority taxa as well as lobbying for active conservation of the same under in situ and ex situ.

scholarly journals Ex-Situ conservation strategy with apisilviculture systems based on Trigona incisa

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012087
Author(s):  
Budiaman ◽  
Yusran ◽  
Samuel Arung Paembonan ◽  
Iswara Gautama ◽  
Hertasning Yatim
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Counseling Training

Abstract Luwu Utara District has the potential of natural resources and other supporting potentials in the development of the local bees Trigona incisa, but until now has not been inventoried accurately so there is no data base to formulate its development strategy in order to optimize the potential use. This study aims to determine Formulating an ex-situ conservation strategy for local beekeeping in North Luwu Regency.the potential development of local bees cultivation Trigona incisa in North Luwu . The research method used is direct observation, secondary data review, semi-structured interviews, ven diagrams, braistorming and discussion with target groups. The data collected consist of primary data and secondary data. The socioeconomic data obtained, analyzed descriptively, the role data between sectors were analyzed by Ven Diagram, policy data were analyzed with Content Analysis, while the local cultivation development strategy was analyzed by SWOT Analysis. The results showed that: North Luwu Regency had considerable potential in supporting the development of Trigona incisa local bees culture, among others: government policy, socio-cultural breeders, biophysical conditions and basic skills/knowledge of mastering several apiary technologies. The formulation of local bees cultivation development strategy in North Luwu Regency covers short and long term strategy. Short-term strategies include: Strengthening potential data base, network and information of farmers community through counseling/training. While long-term strategy include: Improvement of community empowerment of farmers through counseling/training (cultivation, harvest management, processing and marketing), creation of queen bee breeding center, and training of queen making and pest and disease control techniques.

In vitro propagation of the threatened plant Sphaerophysa kotschyana (Fabaceae): inter simple-sequence-repeat (ISSR) analysis and salt tolerance of the regenerants

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semiha Erişen ◽  
Zeynep Öncel
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Nodal Segments ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Issr Analysis ◽  
Sphaerophysa Kotschyana

Sphaerophysa kotschyana is a threatened endemic species in Turkey and according to the Bern Convention, it is on the absolute preservation plant list. In vitro propagation methodologies were evaluated as an ex situ conservation strategy for this species. Nodal segments were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with different cytokinins (benzyladenine, thidiazuron (TDZ) and zeatine), with or without auxin (α-naphthaleneacetic acid; NAA), to investigate shoot initiation. TDZ produced the highest number of shoots (11.0 shoots per explant) on MS medium at a concentration of 0.05 mg L–1. Rooting reached 100% when 0.5 mg L–1 NAA was combined with half strength MS and 1.5% sucrose and rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatised. Somaclonal variation of a mother plant and 10 regenerants was assessed using ISSR analysis. The same banding profiles were exhibited by all plants. In vitro response to salinity stress (NaCl) was also investigated in this halophytic species. Higher concentrations of NaCl negatively affected shoot multiplication, whereas shoot height was enhanced at 50 mM NaCl. These results suggest that the established protocol is an efficient and reliable system of in vitro propagation for ex situ conservation of S. kotschyana.

scholarly journals Ex-situ conservation through selection and breeding: A Review On 15 Years Toona sinensis Roem. & Toona sureni Merr. base populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 912 (1) ◽  
pp. 012034
Author(s):  
Jayusman ◽  
A Fiani ◽  
S Pudjiono ◽  
L Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Toona Sinensis ◽  
Genetic Potential

Abstract The ex-situ conservation of Toona sinensis and Toona sureni or surian weren’t supported list threatened species threat but by reduction of huge trees and leaving only small trees that are identical with the reduction of their genetic potential. Genetic potential plays a crucial role within the development of basic and breeding populations. The existence of the 15-year ex-situ conservation plot requires evaluation for simpler management to extend conservation value. The conservation area has collected genetic material from 52 populations from various islands in Indonesia and the progeny test area by testing 100 families from 10 selected populations because the basic source for assembling selected genetic material to supply superior seeds. Currently, genetic material from surian ex-situ conservation has been wont to develop genetic tests that are converted into seed orchards. Limitations of ex-situ conservation include maintenance of genetic material in artificial habitats, decreased genetic diversity, depression of close relative mating, adaptation to climate stress, and the potential for accumulation of weak alleles.it’s many constraints in terms of personnel, costs, and reliance on electrical power sources. supported the challenges within the future, efforts are needed to revamp through the unification of ex-situ conservation and progeny test management to support breeding population development. Strengthening the ex-situ conservation value of T. sinensis & T. sureni can be optimalization through solving all identified challenges and strengthening long-term management.

scholarly journals How the Cultivation of Wild Plants in Botanic Gardens can Change their Genetic and Phenotypic Status and What This Means for their Conservation Value

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Andreas Ensslin ◽  
Sandrine Godefroid
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Ex Situ Collections

The discipline of horticulture, growing and propagating plants under artificial conditions, has a centuries-long tradition and has developed into a vital industry of breeding, propagating and trading ornamental and wild plants around the globe. Botanic gardens have always been at the centre of horticultural training and have provided excellence and advancements in the field. In recent decades, botanic gardens have also become an active part of ex situ conservation activities by storing seeds of endangered wild plants, growing living collections for conservation purposes, or propagating plants for direct reintroduction measures. While this shift in focus has been necessary and very important, ex situ collections of wild plants have been criticised for beinggenetically impoverished, potentially hybridised with congeners, or adapted to the artificial garden conditions and potentially having lost specific adaptations to their original wild habitat. In this review, we provide an overview of these potential threats to wild plants in ex situ living collections and outline examples of how ex situ cultivation can affect genetic diversity, trait expression and adaptive responses of the plants. We evaluate what these changes could mean for the conservation value of the collections, and discuss how they could be avoided by refining horticultural practices. 

scholarly journals Conservation seed physiology of the ciénega endemic, Eryngium sparganophyllum (Apiaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Wolkis ◽  
Steve Blackwell ◽  
Shyla Kaninaualiʻi Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Morphophysiological Dormancy ◽  
Germination Success ◽  
Ratio Change ◽  
Equilibrium Relative Humidity

Abstract Knowledge of seed dormancy and optimal propagation techniques is crucial for successful ex situ restoration and reintroduction projects, and determining the seed storage behaviour of a species is critical for the long-term conservation of seeds, further supporting future ex situ efforts. Eryngium sparganophyllum (Apiaceae) is a globally critically endangered plant species endemic to ciénega wetlands of southwest North America. To support in situ and ex situ conservation efforts of E. sparganophyllum, we asked (i) how does the embryo: seed (E:S) ratio change over time once imbibed, (ii) how does germination respond with varying periods of exposure to cold (5°C) and warm (25°C) stratification, and concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3). By answering these questions, (iii) can dormancy class be inferred, and (iv) what storage behaviour category is exhibited? To answer these questions, we collected seeds in Southern Arizona from one of the few remaining wild populations. We measured embryo growth and tested the effects of cold (0–18 weeks) and warm (0 and 4 weeks) stratification, and 0–1000 ppm gibberellic acid on germination. We also tested the effects of cold (−80°C) dry (~20% equilibrium relative humidity) storage on germination. We found that (i) embryos grow inside seeds prior to germination; (ii) compared to control, cold stratification for at least 6 weeks increased germination and warm stratification had no effect; (iii) 1000-ppm GA3 had the highest germination success; (iv) therefore this species exhibits morphophysiological dormancy; and (v) seeds are orthodox and can therefore be conserved using conventional storage methods. This information will aid managers in the propagation of E. sparganophyllum that is crucial for in situ reintroduction and restoration projects, and seed banking represents a critical ex situ conservation strategy for the preservation of this species.

scholarly journals Endemic Plant Species Conservation: Biotechnological Approaches

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natacha Coelho ◽  
Sandra Gonçalves ◽  
Anabela Romano
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Endemic Plant Species

Endemic plant species are usually more vulnerable to anthropogenic threats and natural changes and, therefore, hold a higher extinction risk. The preservation of these species is a major concern on a worldwide context and in situ protection alone will not guarantee their conservation. Ex situ conservation measures must be undertaken to support the conservation of these species, and seed banking is the more efficient and cost-effective method. However, when seed banking is not an option, alternative approaches should be considered. Biotechnological tools provide new and complementary options for plant conservation including short-, medium-, and long-term strategies, and their application for plant species conservation has increased considerably in the last years. This review provides information about the status of the use biotechnology-based techniques for the conservation of endemic plant species. Particular attention is given to cryopreservation, since is the only long-term ex situ conservation strategy that can complement and support the other conservation measures. The cryopreservation of plant genetic resources is, however, more focused on crop or economically important species and few studies are available for endemic plant species. The plant material used, the cryopreservation methods employed, and the assessment of cryogenic effects are reviewed. The reasons to explain the difficulties in cryopreserving these species are discussed and new strategies are proposed to facilitate and increase the interest on this matter. We expect that further studies on the conservation of endemic plant species will increase in a near future, thus contributing to maintain these valuable genetic resources.

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