scholarly journals How the Cultivation of Wild Plants in Botanic Gardens can Change their Genetic and Phenotypic Status and What This Means for their Conservation Value

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Andreas Ensslin ◽  
Sandrine Godefroid
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Ex Situ Collections

The discipline of horticulture, growing and propagating plants under artificial conditions, has a centuries-long tradition and has developed into a vital industry of breeding, propagating and trading ornamental and wild plants around the globe. Botanic gardens have always been at the centre of horticultural training and have provided excellence and advancements in the field. In recent decades, botanic gardens have also become an active part of ex situ conservation activities by storing seeds of endangered wild plants, growing living collections for conservation purposes, or propagating plants for direct reintroduction measures. While this shift in focus has been necessary and very important, ex situ collections of wild plants have been criticised for beinggenetically impoverished, potentially hybridised with congeners, or adapted to the artificial garden conditions and potentially having lost specific adaptations to their original wild habitat. In this review, we provide an overview of these potential threats to wild plants in ex situ living collections and outline examples of how ex situ cultivation can affect genetic diversity, trait expression and adaptive responses of the plants. We evaluate what these changes could mean for the conservation value of the collections, and discuss how they could be avoided by refining horticultural practices. 

Key issues facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ: overview of the range of challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Paula Bramel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Crop Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Market Preference ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ. Local crop genetic diversity is challenged with changes in land use, urbanization, land degradation, changes in agricultural practises, availability of improved varieties, changes in market preference, and the impact of climate change. Efforts have been made to secure plant genetic resources ex situ for future use but there are significant issues related to cost effective, efficient, secure, rational, and sustainable long-term ex situ conservation. It begins by addressing issues for the composition of ex situ collections and moves on to discuss issues for routine operations for conservation. The chapter also highlights issues for the use of conserved genetic resources, before concluding with a summary of why the development of sustainable genebank systems is so important.

Genetic diversity among and within populations of Raphanus raphanistrum and Brassica tournefortii (Brassicaceae) in Israel: a case study for planning ex situ conservation program of crop wild relatives

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Oz Barazani ◽  
Nir Hanin ◽  
Prabodh Kumar Bajpai ◽  
Yoni Waitz ◽  
Michal Barzilai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Brassica Tournefortii

The winter annuals Brassica tournefortii and Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) share similar habitats and life-history traits, but differ in their reproduction system (self-compatibility vs. self-incompatibility, respectively). The two phylogenetically close species offer means to assess the effect of reproductive biology on genetic diversity between and within populations. In general, genetic diversity between populations of B. tournefortii was higher than that found between populations of R. raphanistrum, while higher genetic diversity indices were evident within populations of R. raphanistrum. In addition, the results of pairwise genetic distances indicated that the genetic distances between populations can be associated to the species’ reproductive biology and not to the population’s distribution pattern. We discuss whether knowledge of reproductive and habitat characteristics can be used to predict genetic diversity when planning sampling scheme for ex situ conservation.

scholarly journals In situ and ex situ conservation gap analyses of crop wild relatives from Malawi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolipher Khaki Mponya ◽  
Tembo Chanyenga ◽  
Joana Magos Brehm ◽  
Nigel Maxted
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Minimum Number

Abstract The study analysed the conservation gaps of the priority crop wild relatives (CWR) taxa for Malawi in order to contribute to the development of a harmonized conservation strategy that helps secure the priority CWR under in situ and ex situ. We used taxa distribution modelling, complementarity analysis and ecogeographic land characterization map to analyse spatial diversity and distribution of 123 priority taxa across different adaptive scenarios. We identified areas of observed and predicted richness, the minimum number of protected areas (PAs) that conserve the broadest ecogeographic diversity in situ and the minimum number of grid cells that capture highest diversity outside PAs to recommend the establishment of genetic reserves. We then analysed the representativeness of the conserved ecogeographic diversity of target taxa in ex situ collections to identify ex situ conservation gaps and advise for priority areas for ex situ collections. For the 123 taxa, 70.7% of the total diversity occurs in 36 PAs with 66.8% of the diversity captured in only 10 complementary PAs. Outside PAs, the broadest diversity was conserved in three grid cells of size 5 × 5 km. Fifty-three of 123 taxa have ex situ collections with only three taxa having ex situ collections at the Malawi Plant Genetic Resources Centre. The findings of this study will guide formulation of conservation actions for the priority taxa as well as lobbying for active conservation of the same under in situ and ex situ.

Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo: Implications for its ex situ conservation

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Barnett ◽  
Nobuyuki Yamaguchi ◽  
Ian Barnes ◽  
Alan Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Panthera Leo

Genetic diversity patterns in ex situ collections of Oryza officinalis Wall. ex G. Watt revealed by morphological and microsatellite markers

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elizabeth Boncodin Naredo ◽  
Sheila Mae Quilloy Mercado ◽  
Maria Celeste Naynes Banaticla-Hilario ◽  
Myrricar Loren Berdos ◽  
Mario Alcantara Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Oryza Officinalis ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Ex Situ Collections

scholarly journals The value and propriety of reintroduction as a conservation tool for rare plants

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. v-x ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward O. Guerrant
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Rare Plants ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
The Third ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Locations

Three recent reviews of reintroduction for conservation purposes, which draw on substantial and largely nonoverlapping data sets, have come to strikingly different conclusions about its value. One concludes that “reintroduction is generally unlikely to be a successful conservation strategy as currently conducted”. Another concludes that “…this review cannot conclusively comment on the effectiveness of reintroductions…” The third concludes that there is “strong evidence in support of the notion that reintroduction, especially in combination with ex situ conservation, is a tool that can go a long way toward meeting the needs it was intended to address”. The argument over the conservation value of reintroduction is of more than academic interest. It illustrates a challenge facing land managers and decision makers who may be tempted to act on stated conclusions without thoroughly understanding their underlying assumptions, methodology, and terminology. The differing conclusions can be partially explained by different criteria of what constitutes success, how to measure it, and differing time scales considered. The propriety of reintroduction is briefly discussed and focuses on the following two issues: translocation of naturally occurring individuals to new locations and introduction outside a species' naturally occurring range. Both have appropriate uses but can be used in ways that detract from the survival prospects of taxa.

scholarly journals A Framework for Maximising the Capture of Genetic Diversity in Sampling for ex situ Conservation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Neaves
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Ex Situ Collections

The rapid and extensive loss of biodiversity globally has resulted in an increased urgency to capture and conserve the diversity which is present, including genetic diversity within species. However, for many species there is currently no detailed genetic data available to inform the collection and use of material held in ex situ collections and this can hamper the consideration of genetic issues and reduce the likelihood collection represent the diversity present. Even in the absence of direct genetic data, however, it is possible to consider genetic issues using the existing theoretical and empirical evidence-based and biological, ecological and demographic data for a given species. Here a framework to facilitate the consideration of genetic diversity and genetic issues, even where genetic data is lacking, is presented.

scholarly journals Amborella trichopoda

2011 ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Bernadette Grosse-Veldmann ◽  
Nadja Korotkova ◽  
Bernhard Reinken ◽  
Wolfram Lobin ◽  
Wilhelm Barthlott
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
The South ◽  
South Pacific Island ◽  
The World ◽  
The University

Amborella trichopoda Baill., the most ancestral angiosperm, has been successfully cultivated in the Botanic Gardens of the University of Bonn in Germany (BG Bonn) for more than a decade. The distribution of this plant – limited to the South Pacific island of New Caledonia – and its cultivation has so far only been achieved in a few botanic gardens. This paper provides details about the cultivation and propagation of Amborella, and information on its cultivation in botanic gardens around the world. The authors propose that the collections of this plant in botanic gardens could be used to establish ex situ conservation collections.

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