Origin of inverted vascular bundles in winged leaves of Scleria plusiophylla (Cyperaceae)

The genus Scleria P.J. Bergius is pantropical, occurs in various habitats such as forests, fields, and wetlands, and is morphologically diverse. Some species have a winged sheath, which remains on the leaf blade and forms the last pair of costae. Anatomical observations of leaf blades of Scleria plusiophylla Steud. revealed the presence of inverted vascular bundles in the region of the wing. During the development of the shoot apical meristem of S. plusiophylla, it was observed that the wing emerges through divisions and enlargement of protoderm cells of the abaxial surface and subsurface cells (ground meristem) of the sheath. The ground meristem, from both sides of the sheath, gives rise to the procambial strands, which have normal differentiation. Subsequently, in the transition region between the sheath and the leaf blade, the growth of the sheath ends and the development of the leaf blade continues with the wings remaining adnate to the blade and initially folded towards the dorsal surface. As the leaf blade develops, the wings gradually unfold. Bulliform cells on the abaxial surface of the epidermis, which marked the beginning of the wing, and inverted vascular bundles intercalated with normal vascular bundles, are also observed. It was concluded that all of the bundles in the wing of the leaf blade have normal development and follow the orientation of development related to the side of the sheath from which they were initially derived, resulting in vascular bundles with different phloem positions.

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In planta test system for targeted cellular mutagenesis by injection of oligonucleotides to apical meristem of maize seedlings

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum ◽

10.1007/s11738-021-03252-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Feríz Rádi ◽

Bettina Nagy ◽

Györgyi Ferenc ◽

Katalin Török ◽

István Nagy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genome Editing ◽

Shoot Apical Meristem ◽

Apical Meristem ◽

Stop Codon ◽

Test System ◽

Phytoene Desaturase ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Maize Seedlings ◽

In Planta ◽

Desaturase Gene

AbstractGenome-editing tools from Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis (ODM) to CRISPR system use synthetic oligonucleotides for targeted exchange of nucleotides. Presently, majority of genome-editing protocols are dependent on the in vitro cell or tissue culture systems with somaclonal variation, and limitations in plant regeneration. Therefore, here, we report an alternative in planta cellular test system for optimization of the ODM, based on the injection of oligonucleotide solution into the apical meristematic region of haploid maize seedlings. Using 5′-fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides, we detected accumulation of synthetic DNA molecules in cells of the shoot apical meristem and of the vascular bundles of leaf primordia. For silencing or knocking down of the phytoene desaturase gene in somatic cells, 41-mer long single-stranded oligonucleotides with TAG stop codon were injected into maize seedlings. We detected out-growing M1 plantlets that developed leaves with white stripes or pale-green color. Confocal microscopy of white stripes showed that in addition to the chlorophyll fluorescence-deficient tissue region, chlorophyll containing cells are present in white stripes. The Ion Torrent sequencing of DNA samples from the white stripes indicated 0.13–1.50% read frequency for the TAG stop codon in the phytoene desaturase gene. Appearance of chlorotic abnormalities supports the mutagenic nature of oligonucleotide molecules after injection into the shoot apical meristem region of maize seedling. The described protocol provides basis for early seedling stage characterization of functionality of a mutagenic oligonucleotide with different chemistry and testing efficiency of various treatment combinations at plant level.

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The utility of Bambusoideae (Poaceae, Poales) leaf blade anatomy for identification and systematics

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/1519-6984.01715 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 708-717 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. D. Leandro ◽

R. T. Shirasuna ◽

T. S. Filgueiras ◽

V. L. Scatena

Keyword(s):

Vascular Bundle ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Sympatric Species ◽

Subsidiary Cell ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

Bulliform Cells ◽

Herbaceous Bamboos ◽

Stomatal Apparatus ◽

Woody Bamboos

Abstract Bambusoideae is a diverse subfamily that includes herbaceous (Olyreae) and woody (Arundinarieae and Bambuseae) bamboos. Species within Bambusae are particularly difficult to identify due to their monocarpic lifecycle and the often long durations between mass flowering events; whereas the herbaceous bamboos are pluricarpic, but often are found with no reproductive structures. The leaf blade anatomy of 16 sympatric species of native Brazilian bamboos (Olyreae and Bambuseae) from the Atlantic Rainforest was studied in order to detect useful features for their identification. All the studied species share the following features: epidermis with a single stratum of cells; adaxial bulliform cells; mesophyll with arm cells, rosette cells, and fusoid cells; and collateral vascular bundles. Herbaceous bamboos share two features: papillae scattered on the abaxial surface and parallel-sided arrays of bulliform cells; whereas woody bamboos share: centrally organized papillae and fan-shaped arrays of bulliform cells. Also within the woody bamboos, intercostal fibers and a midrib with only one vascular bundle (simple midrib) characterize the subtribe Arthrostylidiinae; whereas a midrib with more than one vascular bundle (complex midrib) and a stomatal apparatus with two pappilae per subsidiary cell characterize the subtribe Chusqueinae. There are also diagnostic features for the sampled species, such as: papillae shape, and the outline and structure of the midrib. An identification key for all the studied species is provided based on the anatomical features.

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Morphological characteristics and proportion of leaf blade tissues of elephant grass clones under sheep grazing

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2018001100009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (11) ◽

pp. 1268-1275 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bruno Leal Viana ◽

Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello ◽

Adriana Guim ◽

Mário de Andrade Lira ◽

José Carlos Batista Dubeux Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Pennisetum Purpureum ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Sheep Grazing ◽

Abaxial Epidermis ◽

Bulliform Cells ◽

Vascular Sheath

Abstract: The objective of this work was to characterize morphologically elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes and to estimate their proportions of leaf blade tissues under grazing. Two tall varieties (Elephant B and IRI-381) and three short ones (Mott, Taiwan A-146 2.37, and Taiwan A-146 2.114) were evaluated under intermittent sheep grazing as to the following morphological characteristics: plant height, internode length, and leaf blade/culm ratio. Moreover, the proportions of the following leaf blade tissues were estimated: sclerenchyma, adaxial and abaxial epidermis, bulliform cells, vascular bundles, phloem, vascular sheath, xylem, and mesophyll. The short varieties were 28.6% shorter than the tall ones and showed higher leaf blade/culm ratio; Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.114 had the shortest internodes of 3.9 and 4.7 cm, respectively, over ten grazing cycles. The clones differed regarding their proportions of leaf blade tissues, except for abaxial epidermis, phloem, and xylem. The differences in morphological characteristics indicate that the short clones Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.114 are better adapted to sheep grazing, and, therefore, may be recommended for the improvement of pastures.

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Leaf blade and midrib anatomy of two sugarcane cultivars of Bangladesh

Journal of Bio-Science ◽

10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8778 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 66-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N Joarder ◽

AK Roy ◽

SN Sima ◽

K Parvin

Keyword(s):

Leaf Blade ◽

Bundle Sheath ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Abaxial Epidermis ◽

Sugarcane Cultivar ◽

Mestome Sheath ◽

Bulliform Cells ◽

Kranz Anatomy ◽

Bundle Sheath Cells ◽

Sheath Cells

Context: Kranz anatomy of locally developed sugarcane cultivars were studied in relation to C4 vascular arrangement. Objective: The objective of this study was to make gross cross-sectional anatomy and quantitative assessment of the anatomic traits of the leaf-blade and midrib of the sugarcane cultivars. Materials and Methods: Leaf blade and leaf sheath of two sugarcane cultivars Ishurdi 20 and Ishurdi 32 were used as the materials. Free hand section with appropriate stain were used. Sections were studied using an advanced biological system microscope fitted with motic camera. Anatomic traits were studied through motic image plus J 1.0 software using Macintosh computer. Results: Three sized vascular bundles and significant differences in distance between those vascular bundles were noted. Ishurdi 32 possessed two sized vascular bundles. Large vascular bundles characters by two large metaxylem vessels on either side of protoxylem. Phloem well developed. Intermediate and small bundles lack metaxylem vessels and protoxylem, but have metaphloem with thick and thin walled sieve tubes. Bundle sheaths have extended to upper and lower epidermis but for small bundle it is extended to abaxial epidermis. Vascular bundles are almost completely surrounded by chlorenchymatous bundle sheath and associated with hypodermal sclerenchyma on both abaxially and adaxially except small blade bundles which associated with the abaxial sclerenchyma. Bundle sheath cells were smaller in large and larger in other two types of vascular bundle. An inner mestome sheath with thickened walls is always present round the phloem and metaxylem around all or part of the xylem in large and intermediate bundles. In small bundles mestome sheath is altogether absent. Bulliform cells with varied area were present on the adaxial epidermis opposite to small vascular bundles. Midrib anatomy consists of central large vascular bundles lacking bundle sheath cells pushed deep inside parenchymatous hypodermis from abaxial hypodermal sclerenchyma girders. Lack of Kranz traits, and bundle sheath cells have transformed into sclerenchymatous bundle cover. Central mid-rib large bundle flanked by 3-10 small bundles on either side of midrib which have Kranz system of anatomy. Midrib region have continuous hypodermis consists of sclerenchyma cells and it is few layer (Ishurdi 32) to multilayer (Ishurdi 20). Conclusion: Kranz system with well developed bundle sheath associated with Kranz mesophil in the leaf blade were observed but Kranz tissue absent in midrib region. Large and small vascular bundles alternate all alone the leaf blade. Bulliform cell well develop indicates zeric adaptation. Two cultivars differ in respect of quantitative expression of Kranz tissue. Keywords: Sugarcane cultivar; Kranz tissue; bulliform cells; mestome sheath. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8778 JBS 2010; 18(0): 66-73

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Cross-sectional anatomy of leaf blade and leaf sheath of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.)

Journal of Bio-Science ◽

10.3329/jbs.v25i0.37494 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 17-26

Author(s):

SN Sima ◽

AK Roy ◽

MT Akther ◽

N Joarder

Keyword(s):

Vascular Bundle ◽

Leaf Blade ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Bundle Sheath ◽

Imperata Cylindrica ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Bulliform Cells ◽

Kranz Anatomy ◽

Adaxial Epidermis

Histology of leaf blade and sheath of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.) Beauv., indicated typical C4 Kranz anatomy. Cells of adaxial epidermis were smaller and bulliform cells were present on the adaxial epidermis. The shape of bulliform cells was bulbous; 3-7 cells were present in a group and 3-5 folds larger than epidermal cells. Three types of vascular bundles in respect of size and structure were extra large, large and small and they were part of leaf blade histology. These three sizes of vascular bundles were arranged in successive manner from midrib to leaf margin. Leaf sheath bundles were of two types: large and small. Extra large bundles were flanked by five small and four large bundles but small bundles were alternate found to be with large typed bundles. Extra large bundles were of typical monocotyledonous type but the large type had reduced xylem elements and the small typed was found to be transformed into treachery elements. Small be bundles occupied half the thickness of the flat portion of leaf blade topped by large bulliform cells of the adaxial epidermis. Extra large and large bundle had been extended to upper and lower epidermis. Kranz mesophyll completely encircled the bundle sheath and radiated out into ground tissue. Midrib was projected in abaxial direction and had a central vascular bundle with large and small bundles on either side of it along the abaxial regions. The midrib vascular bundle was devoid of chlorenchymatous bundle sheath and was of non-Kranz type. Continuous sub-epidermal sclerenchyma girders were noted as adaxial hypodermis. Anatomical traits exhibited an important adaptive defense against draught and saline stress of the plant. Quantitative measurement of various anatomical traits indicated strong variations among them.J. bio-sci. 25: 17-26, 2017

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An integrated analysis of cell-type specific gene expression reveals genes regulated by REVOLUTA and KANADI1 in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem

PLoS Genetics ◽

10.1371/journal.pgen.1008661 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e1008661 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hasthi Ram ◽

Sudeep Sahadevan ◽

Nittaya Gale ◽

Monica Pia Caggiano ◽

Xiulian Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Shoot Apical Meristem ◽

Apical Meristem ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Specific Gene ◽

Cell Type ◽

Specific Gene Expression ◽

Cell Type Specific

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Sample preparation for laser-microdissection of soybean shoot apical meristem

International Journal of Plant Biology ◽

10.4081/pb.2012.e3 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chui E. Wong ◽

Mohan B. Singh ◽

Prem L. Bhalla

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Shoot Apical Meristem ◽

Apical Meristem ◽

Laser Microdissection ◽

Specific Cell ◽

Legume Crop ◽

Continuous Formation ◽

Molecular Events ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Specialized Equipment

The shoot apical meristem houses stem cells responsible for the continuous formation of aerial plant organs including leaves and stems throughout the life of plants. Laser-microdissection in combination with high-throughput technology such as next generation sequencing permits an in-depth analysis of molecular events associated with specific cell type of interest. Sample preparation is the most critical step in ensuring good quality RNA to be extracted from samples following laser-microdissection. Here, we optimized the sample preparation for a major legume crop, soybean. We used Farmer’s solution as a fixative and paraffin as the embedding medium for soybean shoot apical meristem tissue without the use of any specialized equipment. Shorter time for tissue fixation (two days) was found to be critical for the preservation of RNA in soybean shoot apical meristem. We further demonstrated the utility of this method for different tissues derived from soybean and rice. The method outlined here shall facilitate studies on crop plants involving laser-microdissection.

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