Does postharvest silviculture improve convergence of avian communities in managed and old-growth boreal forests?

Habitat change following forest management may reduce biodiversity in boreal forests, as it has done globally in many forest types. Postharvest silviculture (PHS) is implemented to improve the yield of commercial tree species and has been applied to large areas of boreal forests. PHS may also influence animal communities and so we assessed songbird responses to these treatments in stands 20–52 years old in Ontario, Canada. We expected that several old-forest species would respond positively to PHS, that avian assemblages in treated forests would be distinct from those in untreated managed forests regardless of age, and that assemblages in our oldest treated stands would begin to converge with those of mature unmanaged forests. PHS stands had higher conifer density than naturally regenerating managed stands. The avian assemblage differed between treated and untreated stands at 20–30 years but not at 31–52 years. Convergence with old-forest assemblages was incomplete at 31–52 years after harvesting, although abundances of seven of 13 old-forest species did not differ from those in unmanaged forests. Of 10 old-forest species with competitive models, only Bay-breasted Warbler (Setophaga castanea (Wilson, 1810)) responded positively to PHS at the stand level, whereas two species responded positively at the landscape scale. Brown Creeper (Certhia americana Bonaparte, 1838), Boreal Chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus Forster, 1772), and Blackburnian Warbler (Setophaga fusca (Müller, 1776)) were absent from most managed stands and so require specific attention in planning for forest management, including retention of old-forest and delaying harvest of second-growth stands to ensure their occurrence and persistence.