Struktur dan Fungsi Sosial Nyanyian Rakyat (Lullaby) Laloklah Nak Kanduang Masyarakat di Nagari Paninggahan

This research was conducted with the aim of describing the structure and social function of the folk song (lullaby) of Laloklah Nak Kanduang community in Nagari Paninggahan, Junjung Sirih District, Solok Regency. This type of research is qualitative with descriptive methods. Data obtained from informants through recording, recording, observation, and direct interviews with informants. Then the data that has been collected is analyzed in the following stages: (1) the data identification stage, (2) the data analysis stage, (3) the discussion stage and the conclusion of the data classification results, (4) the reporting stage. Laloklah Nak Kanduang's song has a structure like that found in poetry, namely physical structure (lines, stanzas, and sounds) and inner structure (patterns of association, patterns of images and emotions as well as themes and messages). Then the social functions, namely three (1) creative functions, (2) enthusiasm, (3) hope and prayer. The oral tradition of humming needs to be preserved, considering that the values contained in chanting are priceless cultural assets.

Complementary genomic and epigenomic adaptation to environmental heterogeneity

While adaptation is commonly thought to result from selection on DNA sequence-based variation, recent studies have highlighted an analogous epigenetic component as well. However, the extent to which these adaptive mechanisms to adaptation to environmental heterogeneity are redundant or complementary remains unclear. To address the underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and their relationship underlying environmental adaptation, we screened the genomes and epigenomes of nine global populations of a predominately sessile marine invasive tunicate, Botryllus schlosseri. We detected clear population genetic and epigenetic differentiation, which were both significantly influenced by local environments, and the minimum annual sea surface temperature (T_min) was simultaneously identified as the top explanatory variable for both types of variation. However, there remain some degree of difference in population structure patterns between two levels, suggesting a certain level of autonomy in epigenetic variation. From the functional perspective, a set of functional genes and biological pathways were shared between two levels, indicating a conjoint contribution of genetic and epigenetic variation to environmental adaptation. Moreover, we also detected genetic- or epigenetic-specific genes/pathways in relation to a wide variety of core processes potentially underlying adaptation to local environmental factors, suggesting the partly independent relationship between two mechanisms. We infer that complementary genetic and epigenetic routes to adaptation are available in this system. Collectively, these mechanisms may facilitate population persistence under environmental changes and sustain successful invasions in novel but contrasting environments.

UV-LED projection photolithography for high-resolution functional photonic components

The advancement of micro- and nanostructuring techniques in optics is driven by the demand for continuous miniaturization and the high geometrical accuracy of photonic devices and integrated systems. Here, UV-LED projection photolithography is demonstrated as a simple and low-cost approach for rapid generation of two-dimensional optical micro- and nanostructures with high resolution and accuracy using standard optics only. The developed system enables the projection of structure patterns onto a substrate with 1000-fold demagnification. Photonic devices, e.g., waveguides and microring resonators, on rigid or flexible substrates with varied geometrical complexity and overall structure dimensions from the nanometer to centimeter scale were successfully prepared. In particular, high-resolution gratings with feature sizes down to 150 nm and periods as small as 400 nm were realized for the first time by this approach. Waveguides made of doped laser active materials were fabricated, and their spontaneous emission was detected. The demonstrated superior performance of the developed approach may find wide applications in photonics, plasmonics, and optical materials science, among others.

SegmA: Residue Segmentation of cryo-EM density maps

The cryo-EM resolution revolution enables the development of algorithms for direct de-novo modelling of protein structures from given cryo-EM density maps. Deep Learning tools have been applied to locate structure patterns, such as rotamers, secondary structures and Cα atoms. We present a deep neural network (nicknamed SegmA) for the residue type segmentation of a cryo-EM density map. The network labels voxels in a cryo-EM map by the residue type (amino acid type or nucleic acid) of the sampled macromolecular structure. It also provides a visual representation of the density map by coloring the different types of voxels by their assgned colors. SegmA's algorithm combines a rotation equivariant group convolutional network with a traditional U-net network in a cascade. In addition SegmA estimates the labeling accuracy and reports only labels assigned with high confidence. At resolution of 3 Å SegmAs accuracy is 80% for nucleotides. Amino acids which can be seen by eye, such as LEU, ARG and PHE, are detected by Segma with about 70% accuracy. A web server of the application is under development at https://dev.dcsh7cbr3o89e.amplifyapp.com. The SegmA open code is available at https://github.com/Mark-Rozanov/SegmA_3A/ tree/master .

Associations between the Structure of Urban Landscape and Particulate Matter: A STURLA Case Study in Philadelphia, PA

Understanding the relationships between land cover/urban structure patterns and air pollutants is key to sustainable urban planning and development. In this study, we employ a mobile monitoring method to collect PM2.5 and BC data in the city of Philadelphia, PA during the summer of 2019 and apply the Structure of Urban Landscapes (STURLA) methodology to examine relationships between urban structure and atmospheric pollution. We find that, while PM2.5 and BC vary by STURLA class, many of the differences in pollutant concentrations between classes are not significant. However, we also find that the proportions in which STURLA components are present throughout the urban landscape can be used to predict urban air pollution. Among frequently sampled STURLA classes, gpl hosted the highest PM2.5 concentrations on average (16.60 ± 4.29 µg/m3), while tgbwp hosted the highest BC concentrations (2.31 ± 1.94 µg/m3). Furthermore, STURLA combined with machine learning modeling was able to correlate PM2.5 (R2= 0.68, RMSE 2.82 µg/m3) and BC (R2 = 0.64, RMSE 0.75 µg/m3) concentrations with the urban landscape and spatially interpolate concentrations where sampling did not take place. These results demonstrate the efficacy of the STURLA methodology in modeling relationships between air pollution and land cover/urban structure patterns.

Species-Specific Settling Behaviors of Benthic Foraminifera: Size, Density and Structure

ABSTRACT Settling velocity is a key hydrodynamic parameter to understand the transport behavior of benthic foraminiferal tests. Both size and density are fundamental in predicting settling velocity, but their relative importance is unclear. We used specimens of four benthic foraminiferal species from a carbonate-sand sample collected from Xisha Qundao, South China Sea, to investigate this question. Measurements on foraminiferal test size, shape, and density were combined with settling velocity observations using a laboratory settling tube. In addition, a micro-Computed Tomography (CT) Scanner was used to extract the internal-structure patterns of the tests of four representative specimens. Our study revealed that both size and density are important in affecting settling velocity, but the relative importance is species-specific. Size is more important than density for Amphistegina lobifera and Heterostegina depressa; these two factors are equally important for Peneroplis pertusus, but the settling velocity of Sorites orbiculus is also considerably controlled by their unique structure, besides size and density. This species-specific pattern was further compared with test development to reveal the associated biological mechanisms. As a result, a novel parameter, DT (density*TND2), is proposed as a better variable for predicting the species-specific settling behaviors.