scholarly journals Effects of Permanent and Temporary Edges on Pinus clausa (sand pine) Architecture and Stand Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Brownell Smith ◽  
Francis Putz
Keyword(s):  
Edge Effects ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Canopy Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
North And South ◽  
Stand Conditions ◽  
Sand Pine ◽  
Pinus Clausa

Effects of permanent (i.e., maintained) and temporary edges with north- and south-facing exposures were studied in sand pine (Pinus clausa var. clausa) scrub, an open-canopied forest type in Ocala National Forest, Florida. On edges and interiors of four stands of each type, we measured canopy tree architecture in 5 x 100 m plots and stand density and basal area in 5 x 200 m plots. Edge effects were modest but often stronger on south- than north-facing edges and along permanent forest roads than temporary edges of clearcuts that were allowed to regrow. Compared to interior trees, those on edges were typically shorter, retained branches lower on their boles, oriented their first branches more towards the edge, and produced more asymmetrical crowns with the long axis extending into the opening; these trends were greater on south- than north-facing edges and along permanent than temporary edges. Contrary to expectations, there were no edge effects on total basal area, dead tree densities, proportions of sand pine trees with leaning trunks, directions of lean, or angles of lean. Instead of an edge effect, most trees leaned southwesterly, which seems related to the northeastern origin of prevailing winds and wind gusts.

scholarly journals Effects of Western Balsam Bark Beetle on Spruce-Fir Forests of North-Central Wyoming

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel D. McMillin ◽  
Kurt K. Allen ◽  
Daniel F. Long ◽  
Jeri Lyn Harris ◽  
José F. Negrón
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
North Central ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Stand Density Index ◽  
Stand Conditions

Abstract Western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), has caused widespread mortality of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in western North America throughout the past decade. The objectives of this study were to document the effects of this mortality, relate mortality to pre-existing stand conditions, and investigate the role of storm-damaged fir in beetle population dynamics in north-central Wyoming. Transect cruise lines and pairs of infested and uninfested plots were installed to detect changes in the forest overstory and understory and to determine associations between stand conditions and beetle-caused fir mortality. On average, beetles killed more than 70 trees/ac over the last several years. This mortality resulted in significant decreases in: subalpine fir basal area, trees per acre, stand density index, and the percentage of subalpine fir stems in the overstory. Small, but significant increases were detected in the understory; herbaceous plant abundance increased in the infested plots compared with the noninfested plots. Moreover, significant positive linear relationships were found between the amount of fir mortality and the percentage of subalpine fir trees in a stand, subalpine fir basal area, and subalpine fir stand density index. In addition, a significant positive linear relationship was found between the percentage of wind-caused downed fir logs in an area and the percentage of logs utilized by western balsam bark beetle. The blowdown events that occurred in the mid-1990s in combination with a high percentage of fir component has provided ideal conditions for continued beetle expansion. West. J. Appl. For. 18(4):259–266.

Testing a new competition index for Maritime pine in northwestern Spain

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Schröder ◽  
Klaus von Gadow
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Relative Spacing ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Northwestern Spain ◽  
Naturally Regenerated Stands ◽  
Individual Trees

A distance-independent competition index is derived from the basal area in larger trees (BAL) index combining individual tree's basal area percentiles with a relative-spacing stand-density measure. Empirical increment data from Maritime pine trees (Pinus pinaster Ait.) sampled from regular, naturally regenerated stands in the province of Pontevedra, northwestern Spain, are used to compare the performance of the two competition indices in the context of basal area growth modelling. The basal area increment of individual trees was first predicted exclusively as a response to competition using a two-parameter exponential function and then as a function of potential growth reduced by competition. For the criteria evaluated in this paper, the new competition index has shown superior qualities. The main improvement over BAL is the incorporation of the relative spacing measure.

scholarly journals Comparision of regeneration of scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. in Myrtillosa and Hylocomiosa forest types after shelterwood cuttings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oto Rums ◽  
◽  
Inga Straupe ◽  
Leonids Zdors ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Shelterwood Cut

The aim of the study is to determine how successful the initial growth of naturally grown and planted pines is after performing the shelterwood cutting. The research includes tree count and height analysis in Myrtillosa and Hylocomiosa forest types with different regeneration methods in 2018. A total of 10 sites were arranged for the research, each site having 4 sample plots. All naturally regenerated and planted pine (2009, 2012 and 2013) heights were measured. Judging by the number of trees after shelterwood cutting, most sites should not be considered regenerated, additional planting or scarification of soil is required which can improve the efficiency of natural regeneration. In all the sites both in Myrtillosa and Hylocomiosa, after shelterwood cutting it was observed that the height of artificially regenerated trees is higher than the height of naturally regenerated trees, indicating the ability of planted pines to produce more rapid height increment in the first years of life, regardless of forest type. The basal area of the stand has a significant negative impact on the increment, and it indicates the need for the subsequent shelterwood cut to be performed. Although Hylocomiosa is a more fertile forest type than Myrtillosa, the height of the planted pine trees in Myrtillosa is higher than in Hylocomiosa, where, after shelterwood cutting, no sufficiently intensive agro-technical tending has been performed.

scholarly journals Effect of Hardwoods and Pine Density on Natural Loblolly Pine Yields and Product Distribution

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Barry D. Shiver ◽  
Graham H. Brister
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Yield Function ◽  
Variable Threshold ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Georgia Piedmont

Abstract Data from 75 yield plots in natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands from the Georgia Piedmont were used to investigate the effects of hardwood and pine stand density on pine yields and product distribution. A yield function incorporating percentage of total basal area in hardwoods and the number of pine trees per acre, and a modifying equation to estimate merchantable volume to any top diameter limit above variable threshold diameters, were developed and used to evaluate these effects. There was a slight decrease in total yield as pine trees per acre increased, but the percentage of total yield in sawtimber decreased dramatically above 100 trees/ac. Hardwoods also decreased yields with virtually all of the decrease coming from sawtimber. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):99-102.

Role of species composition in relative density measurement in Allegheny hardwoods

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Laurane Stout ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Index Model ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Stand Density Index

Two frequently used measures of relative stand density, the tree area ratio and the stand density index, were fitted to data from Allegheny hardwood stands. Both were modified to reflect the influence of species composition, since the proportion of the basal area in different species groups had an important effect on the measurement of relative stand density in this mixed species forest type. The tree area ratio model provided a better fit to the data than the stand density index model, particularly when adapted to include three species groups: one based on Prunusserotina Ehrh. and Liriodendrontulipifera L., one based on Acerrubrum L., and one based on Acersaccharum Marsh, and Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.

Comparison of stand density measures in even-aged regrowth eucalypt forest of southern Tasmania

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. West
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Maximum Density ◽  
Density Condition ◽  
Appreciable Difference ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
The Way

Most of the existing measures of density of even-aged forests are estimates of the degree of approach of a stand to a "maximum density" condition. The measures differ in the way in which these estimates are made. The definition of maximum density may vary with forest type and the purpose for which the measure of density is to be used. In the present work, 17 different density measures are computed for sets of thinned and unthinned stands of regrowth eucalypt forest in southern Tasmania. The various measures are all presented in mathematically equivalent forms so that the relationships between them can be easily seen. Stands at maximum density are defined as those undergoing substantial and continuing competition-induced mortality. This contrasts with much other work in which "normal" stands are considered to be at maximum density. Reasons for the different approach to maximum density with the present forest type are discussed. The 17 density measures are found to fall into four groups (i) stand basal area itself, (ii) other measures based on sums of tree diameters, (iii) measures based on sums of tree volumes, and (iv) measures based on sums of tree heights. Many of the more complex measures are shown to have little appreciable difference from their simpler counterparts in the way they represent density.

Incorporating stand density effects in modeling the taper of red pine plantations

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 751-759
Author(s):  
Mahadev Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Stem Taper ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Taper Models

Taper models are used to estimate the diameter at any height along the bole of a tree. Individual tree volume can then be calculated based on these diameters and corresponding heights. As tree diameters are affected by stand density, inside- and outside-bark taper models that incorporate stand density information were developed for trees in red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton) plantations. Data used in this study came from stem analysis on 150 red pine trees sampled from 30 even-aged, monospecific plantations across Ontario, Canada. A nonlinear mixed-effects approach was applied in fitting these taper models. Several forms of stand density were evaluated for both inside- and outside-bark diameters. A combination of stand densities expressed as [Formula: see text] (BA, basal area; TPH, trees per hectare) explained the most variation in stem taper of trees grown in red pine plantations in Ontario. This variable was highly significant in the regression and improved the predictive accuracies of both inside- and outside-bark taper models. The taper models presented here are dimensionally compatible. Therefore, these models are applicable for data using any system of units without adjusting parameter values.

Stand Density Affects Growth of Choctawhatchee Sand Pine

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Outcalt
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Sand Pine ◽  
Pinus Clausa ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata D. B. Ward) was grown for 20 years at densities of 400, 600, and 800 trees per acre. Growing Choctawhatchee sand pine at 400 trees per acre resulted in significantly larger trees, but less wood was produced per acre than at higher densities. The ideal density depends on the management objectives, but for rotations of 20-25 years and chip harvesting systems, a density of 600 trees is recommended. For rotations of 30-35 years with conventional bolt and log harvests, 400 to 500 trees per acre seems better. South. J. Appl. For. 10:128-31, Aug. 1986.

Leaf area - sapwood area relations of lodgepole pine as influenced by stand density and site index

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Long ◽  
Frederick W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Stand Conditions

Leaf area to sapwood area ratios for a given species are believed to vary with factors such as site quality, stand density, early stand growth rates, and crown class. Based on data from 55 mature lodgepole pine trees (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Dougl.) from 10 plots in southeastern Wyoming, we conclude that putative density and site effects on leaf area - sapwood area relations are actually a consequence of the increase in the leaf area to sapwood area ratio with increasing sapwood area. When leaf area is estimated with a nonlinear model that includes tree size and distance to the live crown, the apparent effects of stand density and site index disappear. We consider a constant ratio of leaf area and sapwood cross-sectional area to be inappropriate for the estimation of leaf area aross the range of stand conditions included in most studies of forest ecology.

Assessment of Biomass and Carbon Stock of planted teak forest in Terai region of Kumaun Himalaya, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402
Author(s):  
Tanuja Gahlot ◽  
◽  
Prachi Joshi ◽  
Y.S. Rawat ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Teak Plantation ◽  
Forest Division

The ability of forests in atmospheric carbon sequestration is increasingly gaining attention. Present study deals with the estimation of biomass and carbon stock of the teak plantation in the terai central forest division in Kumaun, Uttarakhand State of India. Very few scientific studies were done regarding the teak plantation and the estimation of its biomass in Kumaun. Therefore this study was carried out in this region to assess the role played by teak plantation in climate change. The information regarding the changes in pattern of carbon storage is vital and important because it can be used by government and policymakers to predict the deposit pattern for changing climate. Three sites i.e., Kamola block (Site I), Kamola beat (Site II) and East Gadappu beat (Site III) were selected for the study. Large scale variations in biomass and carbon stock were noted among all three sites. Site III (East Gadappu) showed the maximum biomass and carbon stock (297.03 tha-1 and 143.18 tha-1) followed by site I (Kamola block) (241.9 tha -1and 117.27 t ha-1) and site II ( Kamola beat ) (175.76 t ha-1and 85.79 t ha-1). Although stand density and total basal area of the forest showed almost similar value on all three sites, still the differences in biomass and carbon stock at all sites indicated the positive contribution of biodiversity as shown in the results and negative implications of human disturbance to the forest.

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