Terroir of Winter Hardiness: Bud LT50, Water Metrics, Yield, and Berry Composition in Ontario Cabernet franc

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY JASINSKI ◽  
Andrew Reynolds ◽  
FREDERICK DI PROFIO ◽  
RALPH BROWN ◽  
Audrey Pasquier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Multilinear Regression ◽  
Cabernet Franc ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Berry Composition

Winter hardiness may be influenced by vineyard terroir-driven factors, and vineyard zones with low water status [leaf water potential (ψ)] could be more winter hardy than vines with high water status (higher leaf ψ). Six Cabernet franc vineyards were chosen throughout the Niagara Region in Ontario. Data were collected at fruit set, lag phase, and veraison [soil water content (SWC), leaf ψ], at harvest (yield components, berry composition), and three times during winter (LT50; the temperature at which 50% of buds die) in the 2010-12 seasons. Interpolation by kriging and mapping of variables was completed using ArcGIS, and statistical analyses (linear correlation, k-means clustering, principal components analysis, multilinear regression) were performed. Spatial trends were observed in each vineyard for SWC, leaf ψ, yield components, berry composition, and LT50. GIS and statistical analysis revealed that leaf ψ could predict LT50, with strong positive correlations between LT50 and leaf ψ values in most vineyards in 2010-11. In the dry 2012 season, leaf ψ (particularly at veraison; range -1.3 to -1.6 MPa) was positively correlated to LT50, yield, titratable acidity, pH, and Brix and negatively to SWC, color, anthocyanins, and phenols. Overall, vineyards in different appellations (Niagara Lakeshore, Lincoln Lakeshore, Four Mile Creek, Beamsville Bench) showed many similarities. These results suggest that there is a spatial component to winter injury, as with other aspects of terroir. Furthermore, this study allows for means by which to compare winter hardiness to other critical variables in order to better understand the terroir of the Niagara region.

scholarly journals Mapping Cabernet Franc vineyards by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for variability in vegetation indices, water status, and virus titer

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 02010
Author(s):  
Andrew G. Reynolds ◽  
Hyun-Suk Lee ◽  
Briann Dorin ◽  
Ralph Brown ◽  
Marilyne Jollineau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Cabernet Franc ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Berry Composition

The hypothesis of this research was that the maps based on remotely-sensed images would create zones of different vigor, yield, water status, winter hardiness and berry composition and the wines from the unique zones would show different chemical and sensorial profiles. A second hypothesis was that titer of grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV) could be correlated spatially to NDVI and other spectral indices. To determine zonation, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with multispectral and thermal sensors were flown over six Cabernet Franc vineyard blocks in Ontario, Canada. Zonation was based on NDVI values, and spatial correlations were examined between the NDVI and leaf water potential (Ψ), soil water content (SWC), stomatal conductance (gs), winter hardiness (LT50), vine size, yield, and berry composition. Additional NDVI data were acquired using GreenSeeker (proximal sensing), and both NDVI data sets produced maps of similar configuration. Several direct correlations were found between UAV-based NDVI and vine size, berry weight, yield, titratable acidity, SWC, leaf Ψ, gs, and NDVI from GreenSeeker. Inverse correlations included thermal data, Brix, color/ anthocyanins/ phenols, and LT50. The pattern of UAV-based NDVI and other variables corresponded to the PCA results. Thermal scan and GreenSeeker were useful tools for mapping variability in water status, yield components, and berry composition. In 2016, zoned maps were created based on UAV NDVI data, and grapes were harvested according to the separate zones. Additionally, spatial correlations between GLRaV titer and NDVI were observed. Use of UAVs may be able to delineate zones of differing vine size, yield components, and berry composition, as well as areas of different virus status and winter hardiness.

scholarly journals Use of remote sensing to understand the terroir of the Niagara Peninsula. Applications in a Riesling vineyard

OENO One ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Marciniak ◽  
Ralph Brown ◽  
Andrew Reynolds ◽  
Marilyne Jollineau
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Berry Composition

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim:</strong> The purpose of this study was to determine if multispectral high spatial resolution airborne imagery could be used to segregate zones in vineyards to target fruit of highest quality for premium winemaking. We hypothesized that remotely sensed data would correlate with vine size and leaf water potential (ψ), as well as with yield and berry composition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results:</strong> Hypotheses were tested in a 10-ha Riesling vineyard [Thirty Bench Winemakers, Beamsville (Ontario)]. The vineyard was delineated using GPS and 519 vines were geo-referenced. Six sub-blocks were delineated for study. Four were identified based on vine canopy size (low, high) with remote sensing in 2005. Airborne images were collected with a four-band digital camera every 3-4 weeks over 3 seasons (2007-2009). Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values (NDVI-red, green) and greenness ratio were calculated from the images. Single-leaf reflectance spectra were collected to compare vegetation indices (VIs) obtained from ground-based and airborne remote-sensing data. Soil moisture, leaf ψ, yield components, vine size, and fruit composition were also measured. Strong positive correlations were observed between VIs and vine size throughout the growing season. Vines with higher VIs during average to dry years had enhanced fruit maturity (higher °Brix and lower titratable acidity). Berry monoterpenes always had the same relationship with remote sensing variables regardless of weather conditions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Remote sensing images can assist in delineating vineyard zones where fruit will be of different maturity levels, or will have different concentrations of aroma compounds. Those zones could be considered as sub-blocks and processed separately to make wines that reflect those terroir differences. Strongest relationships between remotely sensed VIs and berry composition variables occurred when images were taken around veraison.</p><strong>Significance and impact of the study:</strong> Remote sensing may be effective to quantify spatial variation in grape flavour potential within vineyards, in addition to characteristics such as water status, yield, and vine size. This study was unique by employing remote sensing in cover-cropped vineyards and using protocols for excluding spectral reflectance contributed by inter-row vegetation.

scholarly journals Physiological Responses under Drought Stress of Improved Drought-Tolerant Rice Lines and their Parents

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 679-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeyanuch LARKUNTHOD ◽  
Noppawan NOUNJAN ◽  
Jonaliza L SIANGLIW ◽  
Theerayut TOOJINDA ◽  
Jirawat SANITCHON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
High Water ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Many of the economically important rice cultivars including ‘Khao Dawk Mali 105’ (KDML105) or jasmine rice, one of the world’s famous rice exported from Thailand suffers from drought due to erratic rainfalls and limited irrigation. To improve drought tolerance and reserve genetic background of KDML105, chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSL) containing drought tolerant quantitative trait loci (DT-QTL) has been previously developed by backcrossing between KDML105 and drought tolerant donor, IR58586-F2-CA-143 (DH212). To understand the physiological responses related to drought tolerance in CSSL lines compared to parents, two CSSLs namely CSSL1-16 and CSSL1-18, respectively were used in this study. Twenty-one-d-old hydroponically grown plants were subjected to 20% PEG for 0, 7, 14 d and then recovered from stress for 3 d. The results indicated that CSSL lines especially, CSSL1-16 showed better performance under drought stress compared to their recurrent parent. Drought tolerance superior CSSL1-16 line was indicated by high water status (high relative water content and leaf water potential), good osmotic adjustment, high proline and greater membrane stability. Moreover, this line was able to resume growth after stress recovery whereas other lines/cultivar could not recover. Similarly, drought tolerant donor showed high water status suggesting that well-maintained plant water status was associated with drought tolerant trait. It could be concluded that the highest drought tolerant line was CSSL1-16 followed by DH212, CSSL1-18 and KDML105. It would be interesting to go further into introgressed section in CSSL1-16 to identify potential candidate genes in DT-QTL for breeding drought tolerant rice in the future.

scholarly journals Leaf-to-Fruit Ratios in Vitis vinifera L. cv. “Sauvignon Blanc”, “Carmenère”, “Cabernet Sauvignon”, and “Syrah” Growing in Maule Valley (Chile): Influence on Yield and Fruit Composition

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa ◽  
Irina Díaz-Galvéz ◽  
Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez ◽  
Yerko Moreno-Simunovic
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Sauvignon Blanc ◽  
Fruit Composition ◽  
Berry Composition

A trial was conducted during the 2005–2006 season in order to determine the effects of different leaf-to-fruit ratios on yield components and fruit composition in four Vitis vinifera L. cultivars. The treatments consisted of selecting shoots of four lengths (>1.3 m, 1.3–0.8 m, 0.8–0.4 m, and <0.4 m) with two crop levels (1–2 clusters/shoot), which allowed defining eight ratios. Berry composition and yield components were measured. The treatments affected the accumulation of soluble solids in “Sauvignon blanc”, “Cabernet Sauvignon”, and “Syrah”, delaying it as the ratio decreased. All yield components were affected in “Sauvignon blanc”, while bunch weight and the number of berries per bunch were altered without a clear trend. None of the yield components were affected in “Cabernet Sauvignon”, while the lowest ratio presented the lowest number of berries per bunch in “Syrah”. Total polyphenol index (TPI) was affected in “Carmenère” without a clear trend. A highly significant correlation was found between shoot length and leaf area in all studied cultivars. As the ratio increased, the shoot lignification increased in “Sauvignon blanc”. However, studies must be conducted during more seasons to establish better conclusions about the effects of leaf-to-fruit ratios on yield and fruit composition.

scholarly journals Rootstock-scion interaction:5. Effect on the evolution of Cabernet Sauvignon grape ripening

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Miele ◽  
Luiz Antenor Rizzon
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Wine Composition

Abstract The rootstock effect on grapevine yield components, grape must and wine composition and wine sensory characteristics were evaluated in previous studies. This experiment carried out over five years had the objective to determine the effect of the rootstock on the evolution of variables related to sugar and acidity contents of the juice during grape ripening. The treatments consisted of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine grafted on rootstocks such as Rupestris du Lot, 101- 14 Mgt, 3309 C, 420A Mgt, 5BB K, 161-49 C, SO4, Solferino, 1103 P, 99 R, 110 R, Gravesac, Fercal, Dogridge and Isabel. The berries were sampled during the grape ripening period, on nine dates during the summer of each year. Taken to the laboratory, they were hand crushed and the juice was centrifuged to separate the solid and liquid phase, where the supernatant was then used for physicochemical analyses. The data were submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and polynomial regression analysis. The main results show that, at grape maturity, the PCA discriminated mainly the juices of CS/101-14 Mgt, CS/SO4 and CS/Gravesac, which had high density, total soluble solids, total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio and pH, and CS/Dogridge and CS/Fercal, which had high titratable acidity. The density, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio increased as grape ripened, but the titratable acidity decreased. However, the increase or decrease rates were lower at the end of the grape ripening cycle according to the variable, and the total soluble solids having the highest increase (116.3%) and the titratable acidity the highest decrease (68.3%).

Effect of different irrigation strategies on vine physiology, yield, grape composition and sensory profiles of Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet-Sauvignon in a cool climate area

OENO One ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Gabriel Balint ◽  
Andrew G. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Fruit Composition ◽  
Sensory Profiles ◽  
Cool Climate

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The efficacy of partial root zone drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on vine physiology, yield components, fruit composition and wine sensory profiles of ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’ was investigated in a cool climate region in Ontario, Canada.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Field experiments were conducted in a Cabernet-Sauvignon block in Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON Canada between 2006 and 2008. There were five treatments : non-irrigated control, PRD, full irrigation [100 % of crop evapotranspiration (ET<sub>c</sub>)] and two levels of RDI (50 and 25 % ET<sub>c</sub>). Treatments started immediately after fruit set and continued until post-veraison. Soil and vine water status were apparently controlled not only by the amount of water but also by the irrigation strategy used. In the PRD treatments, soil moisture, leaf water potential, and transpiration rate were generally lower than in 100 % ET<sub>c</sub> but higher than non-irrigated and RDI treatments. Almost all treatments were different than in non-irrigated vines in fruit composition and wine sensory attributes. Wine sensory attributes differed considerably due to the amount of irrigation water applied in 2007. RDI strategies were more consistent than the PRD treatments in their effect on vine water status, grape composition and wine sensory profiles. Inconsistent patterns across seasons for some variables indicated that besides soil and vine water status, there were other factors that impacted vine physiology, yield components and berry composition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: RDI treatments improved wine quality when compared with full or either non-irrigated treatments. Overall, use of RDI irrigation or PRD during dry and warm years can improve grape composition in cool climates.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of PRD and RDI on Cabernet-Sauvignon in a cool humid climate. It suggests that although RDI strategies are more effective, PRD also has value, particularly in dry seasons.</p>

Shorebird–prey interactions in South Carolina coastal soft sediments

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Weber ◽  
Susan M. Haig
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
High Water ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Prey Biomass ◽  
Exclosure Experiment ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Simultaneous Influence

We investigated the simultaneous influence of benthic prey (primarily insect larvae, oligochaetes, and polychaetes) on spring-migrating shorebirds (Charadriiformes) and shorebirds on prey in brackish managed wetlands of South Carolina. We proposed that positive correlations between shorebird and prey densities and between prey reduction and shorebird density might result in a negative feedback loop. The loop would be characterized by shorebird redistribution over time and equalization of shorebird and prey densities (and biomass) across the site. In support of the feedback loop (i) there were positive correlations between shorebird and prey densities (and biomass) early in migration; (ii) shorebird predation was responsible for declines of 49% in prey density and 50% in prey biomass in a shorebird exclosure experiment, with shorebird density positively correlated with prey decline in open plots; (iii) there was equalization of prey biomass across the site, and relative prey species abundance appeared to become more equal. Contrary to predictions, shorebirds did not redistribute after prey reduction, and patchiness of shorebird and prey densities persisted across the site. This failure was attributed to high prey density, even at the season's end, and high water depths. There were no confounding indirect trophic-level effects.

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