PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XII. ANTIFREEZE PROPERTIES OF TERNARY AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING LEVO-2,3-BUTANEDIOL AS A MAJOR COMPONENT

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (5) ◽  
pp. 287-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Clendenning ◽  
D. E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Ternary Systems ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Point Depressant ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Considerable Range

Freezing point, viscosity, and boiling point data are presented for aqueous solutions of levo-2,3-butanediol containing methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol as third components. All four ternary systems show freezing points of −50 °C. and lower over a considerable range of compositions. Among the compounds tested as third components, methanol was most effective as a thinning agent and accessory freezing point depressant. The data indicate that 20% methanol–40% butanediol–40% water is suitable for use at temperatures as low as −50 °C.

scholarly journals XXXII.—The Boiling and Freezing Points of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions, and the Question of the Hydration of the Solute

1908 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Conductivity Data ◽  
Concentrated Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes

In this paper the results of observations of the elevation of the boiling point of aqueous solutions of electrolytes are given, and a few results of observations of the depression of the freezing point, together with conductivity data obtained by observations of conductivity at about 99·4° and 0° Centigrade.

scholarly journals The accurate determination of the freezing-points of alloys, and a study of valency effects in certain alloys of silver

1937 ◽  
Vol 160 (901) ◽  
pp. 282-303 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Equilibrium Diagram ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Straight Lines

In the alloys of silver with the four elements immediately following it in the Periodic Table, the silver rich alloys give rise to primary substitutional solid solutions for which the phase boundaries in the equilibrium diagram show well-defined valency effects. When the diagrams are plotted in atomic percentages, the liquidus and solidus curves fall more steeply with increasing valency of the solute, whilst the extent of the solid solution becomes less. It was shown (Hume-Rothery, Mabbott and Channel-Evans 1934) that, to a first approximation, the liquidus curves followed a simple valency rule, such that alloys of identical equivalent composition had identical freezing-points, and, hence, in dilute solutions where the liquidus curves were straight lines, the atomic depression of freezing-point was proportional to the valency of the solute. The experimental errors of 1 or 2°C. in the freezing-point data prevented an exact proof of a whole number law, and the present paper describes more accurate determinations of the freezing-points of these alloys. The first part of the experimental work was carried out by one of the authors (W. H. -R.) working alone, and the later work by the two authors together. It is convenient to refer to the two series of experiments as the early work and the later work respectively. In order to increase the accuracy of the liquidus determinations it has been necessary to examine many sources of error, and this work is described in 2; 3 contains the experimental results, which are discussed in 4.

Second Virial Coefficients of Poly(ethylene glycol) in Aqueous Solutions at Freezing Point

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (25) ◽  
pp. 9551-9555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun-Cheng Wang ◽  
Chieh-Kuang Wang ◽  
Feng-Ming Chang ◽  
Heng-Kwong Tsao
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Virial Coefficients ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Second Virial Coefficients ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Freezing Points of Raw and Pasteurized Milks

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 462-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. WATROUS ◽  
S. E. BARNARD ◽  
W. W. COLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Point Data

Over 2,000 samples of cow milk and 243 samples of processed milk were analyzed for freezing point. Data suggest the need for continuing surveillance of both raw and pasteurized milks. During the course of the study, the incidence of freezing points in processed milks suggestive of added water dropped markedly. It is suggested this may have been due to information gained during the study and consequent response.

THE FREEZING POINTS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. I. A FREEZING POINT APPARATUS

1932 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 2676-2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Scatchard ◽  
P. T. Jones ◽  
S. S. Prentiss
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Points

Thermodynamics of micellar systems: activity and entropy of sodium decanoate and n-alkylamine hydrobromides in water

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (13) ◽  
pp. 1865-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosario De Lisi ◽  
Gérald Perron ◽  
Jean Paquette ◽  
Jacques E. Desnoyers
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Homologous Series ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Micellar Systems ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Sodium Decanoate ◽  
Capacity Data ◽  
Mean Activity Coefficients

The freezing-point depressions of aqueous solutions of the homologous series RNH3Br, where R varies from ethyl to n-octyl, and of sodium decanoate were determined and used to calculate osmotic and mean activity coefficients. In the case of the surfactants octylamine hydrobromide and sodium decanoate, the pre- and post-micellar regions were covered. Activity data at higher temperatures were calculated using previously published thermochemical data. Some difficulties arise in the critical micellar region of sodium decanoate at high temperatures as a result of the large concentration and temperature dependence of the heat capacity data. The activities from freezing point data are compared with those obtained from specific electrodes.

EFFECTS OF POSITION ISOMERISM ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCOLS

1950 ◽  
Vol 28b (10) ◽  
pp. 608-622 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Pure State ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Molar Refraction ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Point Data

Specific gravity, refractivity, viscosity, boiling point, and freezing point data are provided for 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol and 1,5-pentanediol, in the pure state and in aqueous solution. The observed molar refraction values agreed closely with Mr values calculated according to Swientoslawski. Lengthening the distance between the hydroxyl substituents increases the specific gravity, refractivity, boiling point, and viscosity, and reduces thermal expansion and isothermal contraction on mixing with water. The order of decreasing effectiveness as freezing point depressants on a weight basis is 1,2-propanediol, leva- 2,3-butanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, and 1,2-pentanediol. Aqueous solutions of all of these glycols exhibit pronounced specific gravity maxima. The glycol concentration at which maximum specific gravity is attained increases with increasing distance between the hydroxyl substituents.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XI. EVALUATION OF LEVO-2,3-BUTANEDIOL AS A NON-VOLATILE ANTIFREEZE COMPOUND

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (4) ◽  
pp. 249-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Clendenning
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Point Depressant ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Metallic Corrosion

levo-2,3-Butanediol is more effective than glycerol and less effective than ethylene glycol as a freezing point depressant for water. The considerable discrepancy that is reported between observed freezing points and values calculated from Raoult's law for solutions of these chemicals is attributed to hydration. The antifreeze property of levo-2,3-butanediol is not impaired by prolonged refluxing or by use in automobile cooling systems. The viscosity of 50 to 60% solutions is considerably greater than that of 50 to 60% ethylene glycol and is slightly greater than that of 50 to 60% glycerol at 20 °C., the differences in viscosity between these solutions being magnified by low temperatures. Kinematic viscosity data are presented for levo-2,3-butanediol solutions at concentration intervals of 10% over the greater part of the liquid range.The comparatively low surface tension of levo-2,3-butanediol solutions indicates a possible need for precautionary measures against creeping and foaming. Metallic corrosion is not greater than with water, barring excessive contamination with acetates. levo-2,3-Butanediol and ethylene glycol are judged equally satisfactory with respect to heat capacity, flash point, expansion on solidification and heating, and effects on metal finishes and rubber. Density of levo-2,3-butanediol solutions cannot be used as a measure of freezing point protection. The mixtures of 2,3-butanediol isomers obtained with Aerobacter aerogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Bacillus subtilis are lacking in antifreeze properties because of their high content of the meso-isomer.

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