PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XI. EVALUATION OF LEVO-2,3-BUTANEDIOL AS A NON-VOLATILE ANTIFREEZE COMPOUND

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (4) ◽  
pp. 249-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Clendenning
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Point Depressant ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Metallic Corrosion

levo-2,3-Butanediol is more effective than glycerol and less effective than ethylene glycol as a freezing point depressant for water. The considerable discrepancy that is reported between observed freezing points and values calculated from Raoult's law for solutions of these chemicals is attributed to hydration. The antifreeze property of levo-2,3-butanediol is not impaired by prolonged refluxing or by use in automobile cooling systems. The viscosity of 50 to 60% solutions is considerably greater than that of 50 to 60% ethylene glycol and is slightly greater than that of 50 to 60% glycerol at 20 °C., the differences in viscosity between these solutions being magnified by low temperatures. Kinematic viscosity data are presented for levo-2,3-butanediol solutions at concentration intervals of 10% over the greater part of the liquid range.The comparatively low surface tension of levo-2,3-butanediol solutions indicates a possible need for precautionary measures against creeping and foaming. Metallic corrosion is not greater than with water, barring excessive contamination with acetates. levo-2,3-Butanediol and ethylene glycol are judged equally satisfactory with respect to heat capacity, flash point, expansion on solidification and heating, and effects on metal finishes and rubber. Density of levo-2,3-butanediol solutions cannot be used as a measure of freezing point protection. The mixtures of 2,3-butanediol isomers obtained with Aerobacter aerogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Bacillus subtilis are lacking in antifreeze properties because of their high content of the meso-isomer.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XII. ANTIFREEZE PROPERTIES OF TERNARY AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING LEVO-2,3-BUTANEDIOL AS A MAJOR COMPONENT

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (5) ◽  
pp. 287-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Clendenning ◽  
D. E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Ternary Systems ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Point Depressant ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Considerable Range

Freezing point, viscosity, and boiling point data are presented for aqueous solutions of levo-2,3-butanediol containing methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol as third components. All four ternary systems show freezing points of −50 °C. and lower over a considerable range of compositions. Among the compounds tested as third components, methanol was most effective as a thinning agent and accessory freezing point depressant. The data indicate that 20% methanol–40% butanediol–40% water is suitable for use at temperatures as low as −50 °C.

scholarly journals Duan–Rach Approach to Study Al2O3-Ethylene Glycol C2H6O2 Nanofluid Flow Based upon KKL Model

Inventions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Pradyumna Kumar Pattnaik ◽  
Satyaranjan Mishra ◽  
Muhammad Mubashir Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Adomian Decomposition Method ◽  
Skin Friction Coefficient ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Shooting Technique ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Adomian Decomposition ◽  
Physical Quantities ◽  
Local Sherwood Number

This work explains the cooling capabilities of ethylene glycol (EG)-based nanofluid containing aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as nanoparticles. Because of its enhanced thermophysical properties, Nanofluids are used in many application areas of mechanical and engineering in the form of nanofluid coolants such as electronics and vehicle cooling, transformer, and computer cooling. Depending on the heating and cooling systems, it is also used as an anti-freezing agent, which lowers the freezing point but enhances boiling point and temperature coolant. After using appropriate similarity transformation, the present Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li model for solving the boundary value problem (BVP) is tackled analytically. A comparison is made with a purely analytical approach by a modified version of the semi-analytical Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM), which is introduced by Duan and Rach (Duan–Rach Approach) and shooting technique. Analytical and graphical treatment of the flow regime is carried out, and the behavior of the leading parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration profile with the behavior of physical quantities i.e., skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number are illustrated. This study confirms that, due to extraction in width the flow moves away from the lower plate whereas it moves towards near the upper plate and a rapid decrease in temperature is marked when alumina–EG nanofluids are taken into account.

FEC-LiTFSI-Pyr1ATFSI Ionic Liquid Electrolyte to Improve Low Temperature Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries

2014 ◽  
Vol 986-987 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Xiao Xue Zhang ◽  
Zhen Feng Wang ◽  
Cui Hua Li ◽  
Jian Hong Liu ◽  
Qian Ling Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Capacity Retention ◽  
Composite Electrolyte ◽  
Ionic Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Fluoroethylene Carbonate

N-methyl-N-allylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (PYR1ATFSI) with substantial supercooling behavior is synthesized to develop low temperature electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. Additive fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in LiTFSI/PYR1ATFSI/EC/PC/EMC is found that it can reduce the freezing point. LiFePO4/Li coin cells with the FEC-PYR1ATFSI electrolyte exhibit good capacity retention, reversible cycling behavior at low temperatures. The good performance can be attributed to the decrease in the freezing point and the polarization of the composite electrolyte.

E EVALUASI MUTU MINYAK BUMI DENGAN DISTILASI TRUE BOILING POINT (TBP) BERDASARKAN PARAMETER UJI SIFAT FISIKA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PRODUK KEROSIN DAN AVTUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Dian Kurnia Sari ◽  
Rian Ternando
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Primary Process ◽  
Copper Strip

Minyak bumi dievaluasi guna menentukan potensi minyak bumi sebagai bahan baku kilang minyak untuk menghasilkan fraksi yang dikehendaki. Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian sifat umum minyak bumi, klasifikasi minyak bumi dengan distilasi True Boiling Point (TBP) wide cut (pemotongan jarak lebar) serta analisis fraksi kerosin. Fraksi kerosin yang dihasilkan dari primary process dapat diolah menjadi bahan bakar rumah tangga (minyak  tanah) dan bahan bakar lampu penerangan. Selain itu fraksi kerosin juga dapat dioalah menjadi bahan bakar untuk pesawat terbang jenis jet (avtur). Avtur adalah kerosin yang dengan  spesifikasi yang diperketat, terutama mengenai titik uap dan titik beku. Untuk melakukan pengolahan pada minyak bumi perlu diketahui karakteristik dan spesifikasi minyak  bumi (bahan baku) yang akan diolah untuk mengetahui mutu dan manfaat minyak bumi tersebut. Salah satu parameter uji analisis minyak bumi yaitu parameter sifat fisika. Dari data distilasi TBP diperoleh persentase fraksi kerosin Crude Oil 99 PT HS sebesar 29 % vol sedangkan Crude Oil 165 PT RT sebesar 23 % vol. Berdasarkan analisis sifat fisika yang meliputi Specific Gravity, Refractive Index nD20, Freezing Point, Smoke Point, Flash Point “Abel”, Aniline Point, Copper Strip Corrosion, Kinematic Viscosity dan Characterization KUOP. Crude Oil 99 dan Crude Oil 165 memiliki mutu yang baik serta memenuhi spesifikasi produk kerosin maupun produk avtur.

Cryogenic wormlike micelles

Soft Matter ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2511-2516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyao Yin ◽  
Yujun Feng ◽  
Peixun Li ◽  
James Doutch ◽  
Yixiu Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
The Self ◽  
Wormlike Micelles ◽  
Micellar Solutions ◽  
Zwitterionic Surfactant

Cryogenic wormlike micellar solutions with a freezing point far below 0 °C and unique rheological behavior are fabricated from the self-assembly of a C22-tailed zwitterionic surfactant in a mixed solvent of ethylene glycol and water. Such fluids could find applications in areas where viscoelasticity is highly desired at subfreezing temperatures.

Low-temperature storage of mammalian spermatozoa

1957 ◽  
Vol 147 (929) ◽  
pp. 498-508 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Low Temperature Storage ◽  
The Media ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
Mammalian Spermatozoa

Experiments in this and other countries on the preservation of spermatozoa at very low temperatures have shown that no mammalian spermatozoa so far examined survive freezing when they are cooled ultra-rapidly from temperatures above freezing point to temperatures of — 79° C or below. Slow cooling and the addition of glycerol to the media in which the spermatozoa are suspended, however, permits survival of the spermatozoa of many species. In different animals, there are marked variations in the resistance of their spermatozoa to freezing and the proportion of spermatozoa which can be revived from very low temperatures may be influenced both by the concentration of glycerol added to the semen and by the composition of the diluting fluid. In experiments with the spermatozoa of the bull, ram, stallion and boar it has been found that during slow cooling to — 79° C there is a critical temperature range between — 15 and — 25° C at which the greatest amount of damage occurs. The rate at which the capacity for motility of the spermatozoa is destroyed within this critical temperature range is considerably reduced by allowing the spermatozoa to stand at 2° C in contact with a medium containing egg yolk and glycerol for 18 h before freezing. The extent of damage in the critical temperature range may also be reduced by cooling the specimens at a rate of 0-25 to 0-5° per second between —15 and —25° C.

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