Effects of Water Removal from Palm Oil Reactant by Electrolysis on the Fuel Properties of Biodiesel

Biodiesel, which is composed of mono-alkyl esters of long carbon-chained fatty acids, is used as an alternative fuel to petro-diesel. The water content of the reactant mixture of feedstock oil influences the extent of transesterification and thus the fuel characteristics. Lower water content in feedstock oil is generally suggested for successful transesterification. This experimental study removed water from the reactant mixture of feedstock palm oil and methanol during transesterification using various systems composed of either electrodes or molecular sieves with rotary vibration. The effect of input electrical energy, number of electrodes, vibration modes, and operating time on the amount of water removed from the reactant mixture and the fuel properties of the final biodiesel product were analyzed and compared with those achieved using molecular sieves. The results show that the biodiesel—after water was removed during transesterification—appeared to have increased kinematic viscosity, cetane index, distillation temperature, and acid value, while the heating value, flash point, ignition point, and water content decreased with an increase in the input electrical energy of the electrodes responsible for electrolyzing water away. Electrolysis by the double-pair electrodes was more effective at reducing acid value and water content than that performed by the single-pair electrodes under the same input electrical energy. The biodiesel was found to have the lowest water content (0.0304 wt.%) and the highest water-removal rate (0.011 wt.%) when water was removed during transesterification by the double-pair electrodes with an input electrical energy of 9 J/(g palm oil). The water-removal rate of the rotary-vibrating molecular sieves was 11.24 times that of the single-pair electrodes. The biodiesel was found to have increased kinematic viscosity with higher input electrical energy, reaching 5.15 mm2/s when the double-pair electrodes with an input electrical energy of 11 J/(g palm oil) were used. Longer carbon-chained fatty acids, ranging from C20 to C24, amounted to 0.74 wt.% of the biodiesel produced using the double-pair electrodes, which was greater than that seen for the single-pair electrodes. However, the molecular sieve method consumed more energy than the double-pair electrodes did to remove the same amount of water from the palm oil reactant mixture via transesterification.

Effect of Time and Temperature on Biodiesel Production using Melon (Cucumeropsismannii), Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and Soya bean (Glycine max)

This study investigated the optimum condition for biodiesel production at varying temperatures and time using melon (Cucumeropsismannii), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), and soya bean (Glycine max) seed oils. Extraction of oil from Cucumeropsismannii, Arachis hypogea, and Glycine max was accomplished using n-hexane (67.7-69.2oC) as the solvent. Biodiesel was produced from the three different seed oils at varying temperatures of 65oC, 55oC, and 45oC and also at the varied time of 60mins, 50mins and 40mins. The best percentage yield was obtained at a temperature of 65oC and a period of 60 minutes. At 40 min, the process was not complete. A good number of the transesterification process was completed at 50 mins. Also, at the lower temperature of 45oC, the method was not complete. The maximum % yield of the biodiesel obtained was 90.83% for Glycine max, 78.00% for Arachis hypogea, and 77.58% for Cucumeropsismannii seed oils. Fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, pour point, carbon residue, cloud point, water content, flash point, cetane index, and sulfated ash were examined on the biodiesel. The flash point, carbon residue, kinematic viscosity, and water content were within the standard specified for petrol diesel. Cloud point and pour points of this product were found to be greater than that of petrol diesel. The cetane index was lower than the standard specified for petrol diesel and the three samples contained no sulfated ash. Therefore, melon (Cucumeropsismannii), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), and soya bean (Glycine max) are good alternatives to biodiesel production. Copyright (c) The Authors

Synthesis of azo polymers by etheric derivatives polymerization of allyl bromide and studying their bandgap and determine some of their properties: اصطناع بوليميرات آزو ببلمرة مشتاقات إيتيرية لبروميد الآليل ودراسة فجوتها الطاقية وتعيين بعض خصائصها الفيزيائية

In this research, two ether derivatives of phenolic azo dyes were synthesized via Williamson's reaction according to the SN2 mechanism. The prepared compounds were radically polymerized using (AIBN) as an initiator and their structures were identified by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. Furthermore, thermal properties of these polymers was made by (DSC). Bandgap energy have been calculated to indicate the ability of these polymers as optical semiconductors, it was 2.8ev, 2.4ev for P(AO2) and P(AON1) respectively. Beside the determination of refractive index, kinematic viscosity, density, and degree of Turbidity.

Developing and Investigating the Analyzers of Kinematic Viscosity and Density of Petroleum Products on Throttle Bridge Transducers

Measuring the viscosity and density of petroleum products is important for their proper production, transportation and application. Viscosity and density are the main parameters determining the composition and structure of petroleum products. Therefore, in the industry, to control the quality of petroleum products during various technological processes, automatic and non-automatic devices are used for their measurement. The accuracy of measuring the viscosity and density of petroleum products is an important factor. The authors analyzed different methods of measuring the viscosity and density of petroleum products and synthesized three versions of throttle bridge transducers. These versions implement differential measurement methods and have different numbers of laminar and turbulent throttles. The authors obtained new equations of static conversion functions by channels of measuring the kinematic viscosity and density of petroleum products of the proposed throttle bridge transducers. The authors developed a block diagram and designed measuring equipment to study experimentally the static characteristics of the throttle bridge transducers. The authors determined that the maximal relative deviations of the results of experimental studies from numerical calculations of a static conversion factor by channels of kinematic viscosity and density were 5.88% and 8.76%, respectively. The authors developed two versions of automatic devices for measuring the kinematic viscosity and density of petroleum products based on the proposed throttle bridge transducers. The first version is an automatic analyzer with tracking astatic balancing. The second version is an automatic analyzer with deployment balancing. The authors developed constructions of both versions of automatic analyzers and obtained the results of experimental measuring of the kinematic viscosity and density of petroleum products in different ranges.

Process Analysis of PMMA-Based Dental Resins Residues Depolymerization: Optimization of Reaction Time and Temperature

This work aims to optimize the recovery of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by depolymerization of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental resins fragments/residues. In order to pilot the experiments at technical scale, the PMMA dental resins scraps were submitted by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG/DTA). The experiments were conducted at 345, 405, and 420 °C, atmospheric pressure, using a pilot scale reactor of 143 L. The liquid phase products obtained at 420 °C, atmospheric pressure, were subjected to fractional distillation using a pilot scale column at 105 °C. The physicochemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index) of reaction liquid products, obtained at 345 °C, atmospheric pressure, were determined experimentally. The compositional analysis of reaction liquid products at 345 °C, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 110 min, at 405 °C, 50, 70, and 130 min, and at 420 °C, 40, 50, 80, 100, 110, and 130 min were determined by GC-MS. The morphology of PMMA dental resins fragments before and after depolymerization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The experiments show that liquid phase yields were 55.50%, 48.73%, and 48.20% (wt.), at 345, 405, and 420 °C, respectively, showing a first order exponential decay behavior, decreasing with increasing temperature, while that of gas phase were 31.69%, 36.60%, and 40.13% (wt.), respectively, showing a first order exponential growth, increasing with temperature. By comparing the density, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index of pure MMA at 20 °C with those of liquid reaction products after distillation, one may compute percent errors of 1.41, 2.83, and 0.14%, respectively. SEM analysis showed that all the polymeric material was carbonized. Oxygenated compounds including esters of carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones, and aromatics were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the liquid products at 345, 405, and 420 °C, atmosphere pressure. By the depolymerization of PMMA dental resins scraps, concentrations of methyl methacrylate between 83.454 and 98.975% (area.) were achieved. For all the depolymerization experiments, liquid phases with MMA purities above 98% (area.) were obtained between the time interval of 30 and 80 min. However, after 100 min, a sharp decline in the concentrations of methyl methacrylate in the liquid phase was observed. The optimum operating conditions to achieve high MMA concentrations, as well as elevated yields of liquid reaction products were 345 °C and 80 min.

Stochastic turbulence for Burgers equation driven by cylindrical Lévy process

This work is devoted to investigating stochastic turbulence for the fluid flow in one-dimensional viscous Burgers equation perturbed by Lévy space-time white noise with the periodic boundary condition. We rigorously discuss the regularity of solutions and their statistical quantities in this stochastic dynamical system. The quantities include moment estimate, structure function and energy spectrum of the turbulent velocity field. Furthermore, we provide qualitative and quantitative properties of the stochastic Burgers equation when the kinematic viscosity [Formula: see text] tends towards zero. The inviscid limit describes the strong stochastic turbulence.

Investigation of the Thermodynamic Characteristics of the Ester Oil and R152a, R125, R134a and R123 Refrigerant Mixtures

The presence of the lubricant POE 68 in the refrigeration system changes the thermophysical properties of the refrigerant, which significantly affects the heat transfer and the hydraulic processes. The purpose of this research is to investigate the thermodynamic properties of the R152a, R125, R134a and R123 refrigerant and POE 68 lubricant mixtures at different temperatures from 233,15 to 313,15 K. There have been investigated the values of the densities and kinematic viscosities of the mixtures at different concentrations (100%, 90%, 80%). Finally, it was found that, the density and kinematic viscosity of the R123/POE 68 mixture were most affected by the change of the concentration.

Changes in the kinematic viscosity of engine oil during the operation of marine diesel engines

A prerequisite for the long-term and safe operation of marine diesel engines is the high quality of operational materials, which include engine oils and coolants. The required quality of operational materials is ensured by the introduction of additives into their composition, which are now increasingly used as nanoparticles. During operation, as a result of the destruction of additives, the operational properties of coolants and engine oils deteriorate. The conducted studies allowed us to evaluate the change in the lubricating ability of engine oils of two brands that are used in marine diesels during operation. As a characteristic of the lubricating ability of the oil, its kinematic viscosity was used. The experimental determination of the kinematic viscosity of engine oil samples having different periods of operation, and the subsequent mathematical processing of the experimental results made it possible to determine the dependencies characterizing the change in the kinematic viscosity of engine oil during its operation. The research results confirm the possibility of scientific justification for extending the use of marine diesel engine oils, which reduces operating costs and increases the environmental safety of marine diesel engines.