STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: VII. DECAY IN WESTERN HEMLOCK AND FIR IN THE FRANKLIN RIVER AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1949 ◽  
Vol 27c (6) ◽  
pp. 312-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Buckland ◽  
R. E. Foster ◽  
V. J. Nordin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Forest Pathology ◽  
Abies Amabilis ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Juan De Fuca

An investigation of decay in western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and fir (mainly Abies amabilis (Loud.) Forb.) in the Juan de Fuca forest region of British Columbia has shown that the major organisms causing root and butt rots are the same in both species. These are Poria subacida (Peck) Sacc., Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke., Armillaria mellea Vahl ex Fr., Polyporus sulphureus Bull. ex Fr., and P. circinatus Fr. Those organisms causing trunk rots of western hemlock, in decreasing order of importance, are Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cke., F. Pini (Thore) Lloyd, Stereum abietinum Pers., Fomes Hartigii (Allesch.) Sacc. and Trav., and Hydnum sp. (H. abietis). These same organisms causing trunk rots of fir, in decreasing order of importance, are Fomes pinicola, Stereum abietinum, Hydnum sp. (H. abietis), Fomes Pini, and Fomes Hartigii. The logs of 963 western hemlock were analyzed in detail. Maximum periodic volume increment was reached between 225 and 275 years of age. Maximum periodic volume increment was reached between 275 and 325 years of age in the 719 fir that were analyzed. Scars were the most frequent avenue of entrance for infection. In 59% of the cases of infection studied the fungus had entered through wounds.

STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: VIII. DECAY OF WESTERN HEMLOCK ON THE QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Foster ◽  
A. T. Foster
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Forest Pathology ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Understory Trees

An investigation of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, has shown that decay losses in old-growth stands are appreciable, amounting to 13.9, 8.0, and 10.7% of the gross volume of Grades 1, 2, and 3 logs respectively. Total loss, including dead trees, amounted to 25.5% of the gross volume. Twenty-seven decay-producing fungi have been isolated. The most important of these are Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cke., F. pini (Thore) Lloyd, F. annosus (Fr.) Cke., and Polyporus sulphureus Bull. ex Fr. Echinodontium tinctorium E. & E. apparently does not occur in the region. Scars provided the most frequent, and roots the most important, avenue of entrance for decay. The logs of 2318 western hemlock were analyzed in detail. Decay was found to increase progressively with diameter, age, and decreasing site quality. Maximum net periodic increment was reached between 350 and 400 years of age and between 35 and 40 in. in diameter. Color of bark was found to provide an added indication of tree maturity. Understory trees were found to give a substantial yield of sound wood.

TOXICITY OF SMOKE FROM SPOROPHORES OF THE INDIAN PAINT FUNGUS AND WOOD FROM WESTERN HEMLOCK TO YELLOWFEVER MOSQUITOES

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (12) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
W.P.L. Osborn ◽  
J.H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Smoke Water

AbstractTo mitigate the effects of mosquitoes, settlers in the Revelstoke area of British Columbia reportedly burned the sporophores of the Indian paint fungus, Echinodontium tinctorium (Ell. & Ev.) Ell. & Ev., a pathogen of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and true firs, Abies spp. Larval and adult yellowfever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.), were exposed to aqueous extracts of smoke (smoke-waters) from E. tinctorium sporophores, and from western hemlock sapwood and heartwood. Smoke-waters were of approximately equal toxicity to larvae. Fungus smoke-water, but not sapwood or heartwood smoke-waters, lost 50% of its potency in 5 months. Vapors from fungus smoke-water were significantly more toxic to adult mosquitoes than those from sapwood or heartwood. Thus smoke from E. tinctorium sporophores and T. heterophylla wood apparently contain different water-soluble combustion products toxic to A. aegypti.

scholarly journals Estimating the Number of Filled Seeds per Cone of Western Hemlock from Coastal British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
M. D. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
The Face ◽  
Predetermined Level ◽  
Exponential Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Filled Seeds

Abstract Unopened western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) cones from coastal British Columbia were tested for the relationship between total filled seeds per cone and the number of sound seeds exposed by slicing through the center of the cone's long axis, and with cone length. Predictive linear relationships of total number of filled seeds per cone (TFS), based on number of filled seeds cut on the face through the cone's long axis (CC), were found in a cone sample bulked from a number of trees. The regression based on CC explained about 63% of the variation in TFS. More accurate estimates of TFS were found where cone length, and exponential factors of CC and cone length, were included in the analysis. Analyses of cones from seven parents did not find statistically significant trends of TFS on CC in all cases, and differed in slope in most cases. Sample sizes (cones) to estimate TFS to a predetermined level of precision were much larger than cones needed to accept or reject a tree for study. West. J. Appl. For. (11)2:44-49.

Sageria, a new genus of Helotiales

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1196-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Funk
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Imperfect State

Sageria tsugae gen. et sp. nov. (Helotiales) is described from western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in British Columbia, Canada. The imperfect state is Ascoconidium tsugae Funk.

Palynology and paleoecology of postglacial sediments in an anoxic basin, Saanich Inlet, British Columbia

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda E. Heusser
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Saanich Inlet ◽  
Anoxic Basin

Varved, black clayey silts deposited in the marine waters of Saanich Inlet yield unusually abundant and diverse pollen assemblages derived from the coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests of southwestern British Columbia. The 12 000 year palynological record chronicles the development of vegetation since ice left Saanich Inlet: the succession of pine (Pinus contorta) and alder (Alnus rubra) woodlands by forests characterized by Douglas-fir and oak (Quercus) and later by western hemlock and red cedar (Thuja plicata). Rapid deposition of annual layers of pollen, charcoal, and other terrigenous particles provides detailed evidence of changes in land use during the past few hundred years: settlement, logging, farming, and urbanization. Vegetational and climatic changes inferred from pollen spectra in the marine sediments of Saanich Inlet compare favorably with changes inferred from correlative pollen assemblages previously described from adjacent parts of Vancouver Island and the Fraser River valley.

scholarly journals A system for estimating height and site index of western hemlock in the interior of British Columbia

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon D. Nigh
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Index Model ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Age Model ◽  
Site Index Model ◽  
Growth Intercept ◽  
Height Model

The focus of recent site productivity research in British Columbia has been to develop height-breast height age, growth intercept, and ecosystem-site index models. These models, together with a years-to-breast-height model, form a system for estimating site index and height. This system is described for western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in the interior of British Columbia. Forty-four western hemlock stem analysis plots were used in the construction of this system. As there are three models for estimating site index, the appropriate model for a given stand depends largely on the stand condition and the precision of the models. A graph of model precision against breast height age gives some assistance in deciding which model should be used to estimate site index. Key words: western hemlock, site index, height-age model, growth intercept model, years-to-breast-height model, ecosystem-site index model, model precision

Ectomycorrhizal mushroom distribution by stand age in western hemlock – lodgepole pine forests of northwestern British Columbia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1527-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Kranabetter ◽  
J Friesen ◽  
S Gamiet ◽  
P Kroeger
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Commercial Forest

Commercial forest rotations are usually shorter than natural disturbance return intervals, which could affect the distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) species dependent on late-seral stands. We examined this potential reduction in species richness by comparing ectomycorrhizal mushroom communities across four age-classes (pole stage, young, mature, and old growth) of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) – lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stands on submesic sites in northwestern British Columbia. Almost 130 species of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms were identified over the 12 sites during the 3-year study period. EMF richness was lowest in pole stands and almost twice as high in the older age-classes. Species composition and abundance were related to stand age, with relatively large differences in communities between the ages of 20 and 120 and relatively smaller differences between 120 and 225 years. Twelve species, including the economically important pine mushroom (Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead), were late-seral stand dependent, fruiting in forests that are at least older than 85 years. This distribution of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms across stand ages suggests EMF succession is primarily an accumulation of species and is likely affected by differences in dispersal by ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil properties (increased soil acidity and reduced nitrogen availability), and the rate of stand development. The evidence for EMF species limited to late-seral stands supports the maintenance of some mature forests within these landscapes to conserve EMF richness.

ASCOCONIDIUM TSUGAE N. SP. ASSOCIATED WITH BARK DISEASES OF WESTERN HEMLOCK IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Funk
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Malt Agar ◽  
Western Hemlock

Ascoconidium tsugae n. sp., a phialosporous hyphomycete from the periderm of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) occurs in both the Coastal and Columbia forests, associated with dying branches. The fungus grows slowly on malt agar but does not produce fruiting structures in culture. Evidence of weak pathogenicity is presented.

COCCOMYCES HETEROPHYLLAE N. SP., A HYPODERMATACEOUS FUNGUS FROM THE PERIDERM OF WESTERN HEMLOCK

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2263-2266
Author(s):  
A. Funk
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Species ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Coastal Forest ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Artificial Inoculations ◽  
A New Species

A new species of Coccomyces is described. The life cycle and cultural characteristics are presented. The fungus is associated with various bark diseases of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in the Coastal forest of British Columbia and Washington State. Some evidence of weak parasitism was found in natural infections; artificial inoculations with the fungus were negative.

scholarly journals Estimation of genetic parameters for height using spatial analysis in Tsuga heterophylla full-sibling family trials in British Columbia

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Pablo Cappa ◽  
A. D. Yanchuk ◽  
C. V. Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Tensor Product ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
B Spline

AbstractNon-spatial and spatial analyses were carried out to study the effects on genetic parameters in ten-year height growth data across two series of 10 large second-generation full-sib progeny trials of western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.] in British Columbia. To account for different and complex patterns of environmental heterogeneity, spatial single trial analyses were conducted using an individual-tree mixed model with a two-dimensional smoothing surface with tensor product of B-spline bases. The spatial single trial analysis, in all cases, showed sizeable lower Deviance Information Criterion values relative to the non-spatial analysis. Also, fitting a surface displayed a consistent reduction in the posterior mean as well as a decrease in the standard deviations of error variance, no appreciable changes in the additive variance, an increase of individual narrow-sense heritability, and accuracy of breeding values. The tensor product of cubic basis functions of B-spline based on a mixed model framework does provide a useful new alternative to model different and complex patterns of spatial variability within sites in forest genetic trials. Individual narrow-sense heritabilities estimates from the spatial single trial analyses were low (average of 0.06), but typical of this species. Estimated dominance relative to additive variances were unstable across sites (from 0.00 to 1.59). The implications of these estimations will be discussed with respect to the western hemlock genetic improvement program in British Columbia.

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