Is metabolic rate a reliable predictor of growth and survival of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the wild?

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Álvarez ◽  
A G Nicieza
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
In The Wild

In salmonids, there seems to be a positive correlation between standard metabolic rate and growth rate under artificial rearing conditions. Several recent studies have suggested that phenotypic correlations between physiological or behavioural traits and developmental or life history responses might be common when assayed in low-complexity habitats but rare in those with a high degree of spatiotemporal complexity. This study provides the first test of the connection between metabolic and growth rates of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in natural streams. In two out of four streams, there was no relationship between metabolic rates and subsequent growth, whereas in the two others, growth and metabolic rates were negatively correlated. Furthermore, survival rates were either unaffected or negatively correlated with metabolic rates. These results reveal complex relationships between metabolic rate, growth, and environmental variability and suggest that (i) in the wild, negative selection on high metabolic rates may result from both juvenile mortality and reduced growth rates, (ii) the conclusions derived from laboratory experiments are not directly applicable to natural populations, and (iii) the correlations between metabolic rate and growth can prove useful after selection of the appropriate spatial and temporal scales.

Influence of food abundance on individual behaviour strategy and growth rate in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Brännäs ◽  
Sara Jonsson ◽  
Hans Lundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Food Abundance ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Food Level ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Juvenile Brown Trout

We studied the benefit of being territorial as an effect of food abundance by measuring the proportions of individuals that displayed a territorial, floating (individuals occasionally displayed territorial behaviour), or nonterritorial (shoaling) behaviour strategy, and individual growth rates. Also, swimming activity was monitored as an indicator of emigration. Replicate groups of 12 juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) were released into an artificial stream channel, fed according to one of four food regimes for 10 days, and allocated to one of three behaviour categories. There was no significant relationship between food abundance and the number of territorial individuals. Instead, the proportions of individuals that displayed the alternative behaviour strategies, i.e., floating and nonterritorial, changed with food abundance. At the lowest food level, more individuals displayed nonterritorial than floating behaviour, but these two strategies were equally represented at the highest food level. The difference in growth rates with respect to behaviour category was highest at intermediate food levels. At the highest and lowest food levels, nonterritorial fish and floaters grew nearly as fast or as poorly, respectively, as the territorial individuals. Swimming activity between the two sections of the stream tank was greatest at the lowest food level, and there was a general tendency (not significant) for the floaters to exhibit the greatest activity.

Maintenance of asymmetric hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) via postzygotic barriers and paternal effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Álvarez ◽  
Eva Garcia-Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Paternal Effects ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Postzygotic Barriers ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
In The Wild

At the southern European edge of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) distribution, all the hybrids found in nature are the product of crosses between female salmon and male brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). By artificially producing reciprocal crosses between salmon and trout, we demonstrate that unidirectional hybridization observed in nature is the result of postzygotic barriers that produce very high mortality rates (95%) in female trout × male salmon hybrids and not the consequence of prezygotic isolation or behavioural differences between the two species. Mortality of female trout × male salmon hybrids mainly occurs during the last phases of development, and a high percentage of these surviving hybrids showed external deformities that could compromise survival in the wild. Another important finding is the existence of paternal factor in embryo development. Using time to midhatch as an indicator of developmental rate, female salmon × male trout hybrids hatched faster than female trout × male salmon hybrids, with both developing at a rate intermediate to the pure crosses. The early emergence of female salmon × male trout hybrids, which have similar survival to pure salmons, could have fitness repercussions, since early emerging fry have a competitive advantage over later emerging fry.

A continuum of life history tactics in a brown trout (Salmo trutta) population

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1600-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Cucherousset ◽  
Dominique Ombredane ◽  
Katia Charles ◽  
Frédéric Marchand ◽  
Jean-Luc Baglinière
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Pit Tagging

Life history tactics of the brown trout (Salmo trutta) population of the Oir River (Normandy, France) were studied using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagging data of five consecutive cohorts (5900 individuals) monitored between 1995 and 2002. Results demonstrate that (i) life history traits vary among cohorts, chiefly caused by environmental variability, (ii) juvenile growth, particularly second-year growth, plays an important role in the determination of the growing environment and trout exhibit variable migratory behaviour (from remaining in the natal brook to migrating in the sea) related to their juvenile growth rate, and (iii) the description of life history tactics (including juvenile growth, fine-scale migratory behaviour, and reproduction) can be clarified. Tactics are expressed along a continuum in time (age to reproduce) and space (distance of migration). Flexible life history tactics varying with juvenile growth is consistent with previous studies, but the use of empiric data on growth and migration from PIT tagging allows refining the description of life history tactics, taking into account their continuous distribution in time and space.

Comparison of Actual and Potential Growth Rates of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) in Natural Streams Based on Bioenergetic Models

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Preall ◽  
Neil H. Ringler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Dominant Feature ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

A ratio of specific growth rate to predicted maximum growth rate was employed as an ecological growth coefficient (EGC) in identifying major determinants of growth for brown trout, Salmo trutta, in natural streams. The coefficient may be more useful than specific growth rate when comparing trout populations from streams having diverse characteristics, since it accounts for the quantitative effects of stream temperature and mean trout weight. The maximum growth rate was generated by translating Elliott's bioenergetic equations into computer models applicable to fish weighing 5–300 g and to stream temperatures of 3.8–21.7 °C. EQMAX is the simpler model and generates only maximum growth rate. TROUT estimates the maximum ration size, maximum growth rate, and a variety of bioenergetic parameters. The EGC for Age I + trout ranged from 60 to 90% in three central New York streams. A relatively low EGC (30–60%) observed for Age II + trout in one stream may have been due to the inefficiency of feeding on small invertebrates. Temperature appears to be a dominant feature governing trout growth in streams. The bioenergetic models may provide useful predictions of the effects of foraging on prey communities by brown trout.

scholarly journals Post-release exploration and diel activity of hatchery, wild and crossbred strain brown trout in semi-natural streams

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Jaakko Tapani Alioravainen ◽  
Jenni M. Prokkola ◽  
Alexandre Lemopoulos ◽  
Laura Härkönen ◽  
Pekka Hyvärinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Behavioural Tests

Behaviours that are adaptive in captivity may be maladaptive in the wild and hence compromise after-release survival of hatchery fish. Understanding behavioural differences displayed straight after the release could help improving hatchery protocols and developing behavioural tests for assessing the fitness of fish reared for releases. We characterized the post-release behaviour in two experiments using parr from wild, hatchery and crossed strains of brown trout (Salmo trutta): in small-scale channels and in high and low densities in mesocosm streams. Our results show that hatchery fish were more likely to disperse downstream from the natal stocking site compared to crossbred and wild fish. Small-scale experiment was not sufficient in discovering this ecologically pivotal difference in post-release performance between strains, and individual responses were inconsistent between experiments. Circadian activity patterns were not found to remarkably differ between strains. This detailed empirical evidence of post-release behaviour improves our understanding of the low success of captive-reared fish in the wild. Mixing locally adapted wild fish in the broodstock could rapidly mitigate some of the behavioural effects of hatchery selection.

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