Tidal movements and residency of subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an Oregon salt marsh channel

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Hering ◽  
Daniel L. Bottom ◽  
Earl F. Prentice ◽  
Kim K. Jones ◽  
Ian A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Full Duplex ◽  
Salmon River ◽  
Salt Marsh Habitat ◽  
Tidal Cycles ◽  
Insight Into

A novel application of full-duplex passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag technology was used to investigate movements of individual subyearling Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; fork length ≥ 60 mm) into and out of tidally flooded salt marsh habitat in the Salmon River estuary, Oregon, USA. PIT interrogation was effective, with mean tag detection ≥ 92%. Salmon movement peaked late during both flood and ebb tide periods, indicating that salmon did not drift passively. Most movements were in the direction of tidal currents, but 20% of individuals entered the channel against the ebbing tide. Individuals occupied the intertidal channel for a median 4.9 h and as long as 8.9 h per tidal cycle, and few were detected moving when water depth was <0.4 m. Some individuals used the channel on multiple successive tidal cycles, and others entered intermittently over periods of up to 109 days. Using an individual-based approach, we characterized diversity of juvenile Chinook salmon behavior within a marsh channel, providing insight into the value of such habitats for conservation and restoration of salmon populations.

An Evaluation of Rearing Densities to Improve Growth and Survival of Hatchery Spring Chinook Salmon

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Olson ◽  
Michael Paiya
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
High Density ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Migration Timing ◽  
Rearing Density ◽  
Salmon Stock

Abstract We evaluated growth and survival of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha reared at varying densities at Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery, Oregon. For three consecutive brood years, density treatments consisted of low, medium, and high groups in 57.8-m3 raceways with approximately 16,000, 24,000, and 32,000 fish/raceway, respectively. Fish were volitionally released in both the autumn and spring to mimic the downstream migration timing of the endemic wild spring Chinook salmon stock. Just prior to the autumn release, the rearing density estimate was 4.24 kg/m3 for the low-density group, 6.27 kg/m3 for the medium-density group, and 8.42 kg/m3 for the high-density group. While weight gain did not differ among density treatments (P  =  0.72), significant differences were found in median fork length (P &lt; 0.001) for fish reared at different densities. Fish reared at high density exhibited the highest on-hatchery mortality rate during two brood years; however, differences in mortality rate among densities were not significant (P  =  0.20). In one brood year, adult recovery rates appeared to support the hypothesis that lower initial densities improved postrelease survival (P &lt; 0.01). All rearing densities utilized in this evaluation were relatively low and may partially explain why more differences were not readily apparent among density groups. In addition, the volitional release was a confounding factor in our study because we were unable to quantify the number of fish released in the autumn.

Food and Habitat Utilization by Juvenile Salmonids in the Campbell River Estuary

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1233-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stevenson Macdonald ◽  
I. K. Birtwell ◽  
G. M. Kruzynski
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Marine Influence ◽  
Outer Estuary

Salmonid behaviour and abundance in several microhabitats within the Campbell River estuary was observed monthly, from May to July, by divers using snorkels and face masks. Concurrent vertical profiles of physical and biological parameters at each microhabitat were taken to characterize habitats frequented by the fish. Data were collected at high and low tide to record behavioural reactions to changes in water velocity, salinity, and temperature associated with tidal height and salt wedge intrusion. Samples of plankton collected at each microhabitat were compared with stomach contents of salmonids caught nearby to determine if interspecific differences in diet could be correlated with differences in the habitats they occupied. Fish occurred in loose assemblages, aligned with the current, feeding near estuarine banks. As water velocities increased with the ebbing tide, the fish concentrated in a shear region near the mouth of a slough and behind large rocks and submerged vegetation. At both high and low tide, larger coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) (usually hatchery reared) were in deeper, frequently more saline water and further from shore than the smaller conspecifics. Hatchery chinook, however, were also seen in sloughs where water velocity was low. Marine influence as reflected in plankton composition and salmonid diet was greater in the outer estuary and in the deep salt water that intrudes the inner regions of the estuary. Differences in the habitats occupied by the fish were reflected in differences in their diets.

Juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, use of the Elwha river estuary prior to dam removal

2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Quinn ◽  
J. Anne Shaffer ◽  
Justin Brown ◽  
Nicole Harris ◽  
Chris Byrnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Dam Removal ◽  
Elwha River ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Differential Use of the Campbell River Estuary, British Columbia by Wild and Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1386-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Levings ◽  
C. D. McAllister ◽  
B. D. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Marine Zone

From March 1982 to December 1983, juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were sampled by beach-seine in the Campbell River estuary and adjacent waters of Discovery Passage in order to examine estuarine use by wild and hatchery stocks. Wild juvenile chinook entered the estuary as migrant fry and were present in the estuarine zone mainly in late April to June, in the transition zone in mid-May to July, and in the marine zone in July. Hatchery fish were released from early May to early July. Maximum catches of wild stocks were similar in the estuarine and transition zones, while the maximum catches of most hatchery stocks were higher in the transition zone. For both wild and hatchery chinook, catches in the marine zone were much lower than in the estuarine and transition zones. Wild fry resided in the estuary for 40–60 d, while most hatchery fish used the estuary for about one-half this period. Wild stocks showed a relatively constant rate of increase in mean size from May to September. Higher rates of increase in the mean size of hatchery fish were shown by groups with earlier release dates and smaller mean sizes. Residency time and growth rates for wild fish were comparable with those observed in an estuary without hatchery fish. Potential for interaction between wild and hatchery stocks was greatest in the transition zone, where hatchery fish were most abundant and because hatchery releases occurred when catches of wild fish were highest in this foreshore area.

A Field Experiment to Test the Importance of Estuaries for Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Survival: Short-Term Results

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1366-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stevenson Macdonald ◽  
Colin D. Levings ◽  
Carey D. McAllister ◽  
U. H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
J. R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Dispersal Pattern ◽  
Estuarine Site ◽  
Fish Predators ◽  
Marine Site ◽  
River Estuarine ◽  
Seawater Challenge

In late April of 1983, 1984, and 1985, 140 000 marked chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts (2–4 g) were transported by helicopter from Quinsam Hatchery to four release sites near Campbell River, B.C. (river, estuarine, transition, and marine), in an experiment to test the importance of estuarine residency to chinook survival. At the marine site, fish were released directly into seawater. These fish had high cortisol levels and larger interrenal nuclear diameters than those at the estuarine site, indicating a transitory stress response to seawater exposure. Nevertheless, there was little direct mortality due to stress or osmoregulatory shock at any of the release sites. Marine-released fish were exposed to more bird and fish predators. Mortality of caged chinook was higher at the marine location than at all other sites despite seawater challenge tests indicating that the chinook were smolted and "ready for sea." Beach seine data obtained biweekly for 4 mo after the releases showed that fish released directly into marine waters rarely dispersed to the Campbell River estuary. Fish released immediately adjacent to the mouth of the estuary (transition zone) had the widest immediate dispersal pattern, with many of them returning to the estuary. Estuarine zone fish displayed the most restricted distribution. Fish released to the river and estuary remained in the sampling area for a longer period (34–47 d) than those released in the marine or transition zone (20–23 d).

Changes in life history parameters in a naturally spawning population of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) associated with releases of hatchery-reared fish

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1235-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Unwin ◽  
G J Glova
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Parent Stock ◽  
Stream Type

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning runs in Glenariffe Stream, New Zealand, exhibited significant changes in life history traits following supplementation releases of hatchery-reared juveniles. Total run strength did not change but the proportion of naturally produced fish declined to 34%. Attempts to separate spawners of natural and hatchery origin were unsuccessful, and 31-48% of natural spawners are now of hatchery origin. Hatchery males were smaller at age 2 and 3 than males of natural origin, and more often matured as jacks, producing an 86-mm decrease in mean fork length over 28 years. There was no change in length at age or age at maturity for female spawners. The proportion of jacks entering Glenariffe Stream each year was positively correlated with the proportion of jacks in the ensuing cohort. Most differences between fish of natural and hatchery origin were related to hatchery rearing practices, but the decline in age at maturity among naturally produced males appears to reflect traits inherited from parent stock of hatchery origin. Hatchery releases may also favour the survival of ocean-type fry over stream-type fry, possibly reversing a tendency for stream-type behaviour to evolve in response to the lack of estuaries on most New Zealand chinook salmon rivers.

Rapid growth in the early marine period improves the marine survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Puget Sound, Washington

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth J Duffy ◽  
David A Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Marine Survival ◽  
Growing Conditions

We examined the effect of early marine entry timing and body size on the marine (smolt-to-adult) survival of Puget Sound Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ). We used data from coded wire tag release groups of hatchery Chinook salmon to test whether hatchery release date, release size, and size in offshore waters in July and September influenced marine survival. Marine survival was most strongly related to the average body size in July, with larger sizes associated with higher survivals. This relationship was consistent over multiple years (1997–2002), suggesting that mortality after July is strongly size-dependent. Release size and date only slightly improved this relationship, whereas size in September showed little relationship to marine survival. Specifically, fish that experienced the highest marine survivals were released before 25 May and were larger than 17 g (or 120 mm fork length) by July. Our findings highlight the importance of local conditions in Puget Sound (Washington, USA) during the spring and summer, and suggest that declines in marine survival since the 1980s may have been caused by reductions in the quality of feeding and growing conditions during early marine life.

Life History of Juvenile Ocean-type Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Situk River, Alaska

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 2621-2629 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Johnson ◽  
J. F. Thedinga ◽  
K. V. Koski
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Stream Type

Distribution, abundance, habitat preference, migration and residence timing, seawater tolerance, and size were determined for juvenile ocean-type (age 0) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Situk River, Alaska. Chinook primarily occupied main-stem habitats (channel edges in spring, pools and willow edges in summer). Peak chinook densities in the upper and lower main stem were 96 and 76 fish/100 m2, respectively. Chinook migrated downstream in two phases: a spring dispersal of emergent fry and a summer migration. Chinook marked in the upper river in late June and early July were recaptured 20 km downstream in the lower river in late July. Marked chinook resided in the lower river up to 34 d. Mean fork length of chinook in the lower river increased from 40 mm in May to 80 mm in early August. By late August, chinook had emigrated from the lower river at a size of approximately 80 mm. Fish this size were seawater tolerant and had the physical appearance of smolts. Ocean-type chinook in the Situk River are unique because in most Alaskan streams, chinook are stream-type (rear in freshwater at least 1 yr).

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