Lethal Levels of Mixed Copper–Zinc Solutions for Juvenile Salmon

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Sprague ◽  
B. Ann Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Toxic Units ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Copper Zinc

The toxicity of copper and zinc sulphates to juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was tested in very soft water at 17 °C. The salts were tested separately and in mixtures. Incipient lethal levels were 32 μg/litre of copper alone or 420 μg/litre of zinc alone.Concentrations were expressed in "toxic units" by taking them as proportions of incipient lethal levels. Compared this way, resistance-times were similar for the two metals. Experiments showed that the incipient lethal level for mixtures was attained when addition of toxic units contributed by each metal reached a total of 1.0. The lethal threshold was therefore governed by simple additive effect of the two toxicants. This result is useful for applying to pollution problems in the field.In stronger mixtures totalling 2 and 5 toxic units, fish died faster than would be expected from their resistance to the metals separately. This type of potentiation in short-term tests seems to account for more-than-additive effects previously reported in the literature.

Impact of exposure to a simulated predator (Mergus merganser) on the activity of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a natural environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 2006-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Dionne ◽  
Julian J Dodson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sediment Grain Size ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon

Some laboratory studies suggest that the presence of predators influences the short-term behaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon. However, few studies have been conducted in the natural environment to confirm these observations and to document how biological and environmental factors influence the behaviour of fish faced with a predator. Of the many potential predators of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, the common merganser, Mergus merganser, is a major one. This study was designed to investigate the immediate and short-term impact of exposure to a simulated avian predator on the activity of juvenile Atlantic salmon in their natural habitat. The influence of riverbed sediment grain size, a major determinant of habitat choice in salmon, and body size of juvenile salmon on the nature and intensity of their response to the predator was also investigated. Observations were made before and after exposure to a model of M. merganser in three situations: (1) fry (young salmon during their first summer of life) on fine sediment, (2) fry on coarse sediment, and (3) parr (young salmon during their second or third summer of life) on coarse sediment. Observations were also made on fry exposed to a harmless floating stimulus to evaluate if the decoys were perceived as threat. Following exposure, the feeding rate of juvenile salmon decreased by 25–39% and the moving rate increased by 123–386%. Sediment grain size influenced the nature of the immediate response of juvenile salmon, while body size influenced the intensity of the moving response. Parr moved significantly more than fry after exposure to the simulated predator.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Live-Attenuated Piscirickettsia salmonis Vaccine Reveals the Short-Term Upregulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Genes in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): An In Situ Open-Sea Cages Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Deborah Vargas ◽  
Eva Vallejos-Vidal ◽  
Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa ◽  
Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau ◽  
Claudio Acuña-Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Piscirickettsia Salmonis

Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiological agent of the Salmon Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), is one the most serious health problems for the Chilean salmon industry. Typical antimicrobial strategies used against P. salmonis include antibiotics and vaccines, but these applications have largely failed. A few years ago, the first attenuated-live vaccine against SRS (ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS vaccine) was released to the market. However, there is no data about the agents involved in the activation of the immune response induced under field conditions. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the expression profile of a set of gene markers related to innate and adaptive immunity in the context of a cellular response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared under productive farm conditions and immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine against P. salmonis. We analyzed the expression at zero, 5-, 15- and 45-days post-vaccination (dpv). Our results reveal that the administration of the attenuated live SRS LiVac vaccine induces a short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response at 5 dpv modulated by the upregulation of ifnα, ifnγ, and the cd4 and cd8α T cell surface markers. In addition, we also registered the upregulation of il-10 and tgfβ. Altogether, the results suggest that a balanced activation of the immune response took place only at early times post-vaccination (5 dpv). The scope of this short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response against a natural outbreak in fish subjected to productive farm conditions deserves further research.

Kidney Disease in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in the Margaree River

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2535-2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. C. Pippy
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
River System ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon

Bacterial kidney disease was presumptively identified in each of 25 hatchery-reared juvenile salmon (Salmo salar) but in only 2 of 235 wild juveniles in the Margaree River system. Apparently spread of disease from the hatchery to wild salmon in the river is very gradual.

scholarly journals Congruence between automatic fish counter data and rod catches of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scottish rivers

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Thorley ◽  
D.M.R. Eatherley ◽  
A.B. Stephen ◽  
I. Simpson ◽  
J.C. MacLean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Counter Data

Abstract The potential utility of rod catch and automatic fish counter data as measures of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) abundance in Scottish rivers was assessed. The trend (long-term) and residual (short-term) variation in the net annual count for 12 counters were compared with the trend and residual variation in either the annual or spring (February–May) rod catch, as appropriate, for the fisheries district in which the counter is located. Trends were fitted using a cubic smoothing spline and compared using reference bands. In eight of the 12 short-term comparisons, the residuals were significantly correlated. The four incongruent short-term comparisons involved the shortest time-series (≤12 years) or lowest rod catches. In eight of the 12 long-term comparisons, the trends fell within the reference bands in 50% or more of the years. Rod catch and counter data both contain useful information about Atlantic salmon abundance, albeit on different temporal and spatial scales, which should be integrated into assessment schemes.

Effects of Acid Water and Aluminum on Parr–Smolt Transformation and Seawater Tolerance in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1816-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magne Staurnes ◽  
Per Blix ◽  
Ola B. Reite
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Seawater Tolerance

Smolting Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, were kept from 11 April to 24 May in soft water of pH 5 or in soft water of pH 5 and 50 μg aluminum (Al)∙L−1. Control fish were kept in soft water of pH 6.3–6.5. Water temperature was 8–14 °C. In mid-May, some of the control smolts were transferred to the test conditions for 8 d. Exposure to acid water resulted in osmoregulatory failure and high mortality rate. Al strongly enhanced toxicity. Sensitivity to low pH or low pH/Al exposure greatly increased when fish had developed to seawater tolerant smolts. In control and acid-exposed fish, gill carbonic anhydrase activity remained unchanged throughout the experiment whereas in Al-exposed fish, carbonic anhydrase activity decreased. Gill Na+K+-ATPase activity in control fish peaked in mid-May simulanteously with development of seawater tolerance. Fish from both acid-exposed groups had low seawater tolerance. Na+,K+-ATPase activity declined to 60% of start value in acid-exposed fish and to parr level in Al-exposed fish. Hypoosmoregulatory ability was linearly correlated with gill Na+K+-ATPase activity. Reduction in plasma Na+ concentration in acid-exposed fish was linearly correlated with the reduction in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity.

Seasonal and Developmental Variation in the Lethality of Zinc to Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zitko ◽  
W. G. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Sensitive Stage ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Lethal Level

The incipient lethal level (ILL) of zinc to juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water at a water hardness of 14 mg/ℓ varies from 150 to 1000 μg/ℓ as a function of season and developmental stage of the fish. The ILL increases from 500 to 1000 μg/ℓ during the 1st yr and decreases to 150 μg/ℓ in the following spring. The more sensitive stage in the salmon's life history, evidenced by decrease of ILL coincides with and is probably related to initial stages of the parr–smolt transformation.

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