Antibody Production and Immune Responses of Rainbow Trout and Coho Salmon to Chondrococcus columnaris

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1253-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Fujihara ◽  
R. E. Nakatani
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Columnaris Disease ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Test Fish ◽  
Disease Free

Active immunity to Chondrococcus columnaris disease was established in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) approximately 3 months old by oral vaccination with heat-killed cells. Average agglutinating titers were 1:17 for control survivors and 1:168 for the orally vaccinated salmon. When rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) approximately 3 months old were exposed in a trough to C. columnaris present as a natural contaminant in Columbia River water, 52% of the fish died during the first 6 weeks of the test. Fish that survived the exposure were generally resistant to subsequent challenge. Many age 1 + rainbow trout that survived the C. columnaris infection as juveniles, when sampled after several months of reexposure to the disease, were immune carriers of the pathogen and developed agglutinating antibody titers ranging from 1:80 to 1:640. Titers up to 1:5120 were developed in disease-free yearling rainbow trout by parenteral vaccination.

Physiological Response of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Handling and Crowding Stress in Intensive Fish Culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2699-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Crowding Stress ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Intensive Fish Culture

Moving 4–5-in. coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held in soft (20 ppm CaCO3) water from the relatively light loading density of 0.5 lb/ft3 to 1, 2, or 4 lb/ft3 (density index, DI = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8) caused significant stress as indicated by loss of feeding behavior, but only minimal physiological disturbances, as indicated by lack of hyperglycemia or hypochloremia. However, moving them to 6 or 12 lb/ft3 (DI = 1.2, 2.4) caused significant physiological stress which required at least a week for recovery. Smolting coho salmon were physiologically stressed by population densities of 1 lb/ft3 or more and a subclinical corynebacterial kidney infection was activated. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (4–5 in.) were physiologically stressed when moved and held at 1 lb/ft3 or more but retained normal feeding behavior. This indicates that handling and crowding stress will be minimized in softwater areas if densities in fish distribution trucks or in ponds or raceways during disease treatments are held to 0.1–0.5 lb/gal.

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia: Comparative Susceptibility of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Hybrids (S. gairdneri × Oncorhynchus kisutch) to Experimental Infection

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1205-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilma M. Ord ◽  
Monique Le Berre ◽  
Pierre de Kinkelin
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia ◽  
Comparative Susceptibility

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fry and yearlings were compared with hybrids of rainbow trout and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for susceptibility to viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). In three trials, exposure to waterborne infectivity consistently resulted in a 77% mortality of rainbow trout fry while loss among the hybrid fry averaged only 11%. Tests showed survivors might be carriers of virus. Hybrid yearlings infected by gill brushing were fully refractory to VHS whereas mortality (3:8) and viremia were recorded among gill-infected rainbow trout yearlings.

The division process of Cryptobia salmositica in experimentally infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1514-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick T. K. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
The Body ◽  
Binary Fission ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Division Process

Cryptobia salmositica was isolated from its vector, Piscicola salmositica, which was collected from spawning salmon. The organisms were first injected into coho salmon and then maintained in rainbow trout. The process of multiplication is described from Giemsa's stained smears. The first stage of division is the production of two new flagella (one long and one short). This is followed by nuclear division which is not completed until kinetoplast division is completed. Body division commences from the posterior end soon after the long flagellum attaches to the body. Following this, the nucleus, the kinetoplast, and the blepharoplast migrate into the newly divided part of the organism. Final body division is completed after the migration of these organelles. Multiplication of C. salmositica is by unequal longitudinal binary fission.

A Leukocytolytic Factor Isolated from Cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1118-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Fuller ◽  
K. S. Pilcher ◽  
J. L. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Amino Sugars ◽  
Avirulent Strain

A substance characterized as a glycoprotein, isolated from the supernatant fluids of broth cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida by a combination of ammonium sulfate and ethanol precipitations followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, was cytolytic for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) leukocytes, and antigenic when injected into rabbits. The ratio of protein to hexose determined by analysis of the purified fraction was between 0.35 and 0.45, and small amounts of amino sugars were detected. A virulent strain of A. salmonicida produced much more of this factor than an avirulent strain. This factor was cytolytic for leukocytes in vitro and also produced a pronounced leukopenia when injected intravenously in adult rainbow trout. When injected in small coho salmon (Oncorhyncus kisutch) 8–13 cm long together with about one LD50 of live A. salmonicida 36 of 40 fish succumbed to the combination, whereas only 14 of 40 died from an injection of the bacterium alone. Thus, the pathogenicity of the organism was enhanced, presumably by increasing the susceptibility of the host. Hence, this glycoprotein apparently is one of the virulence factors of this bacterium. Key words: leukocytolytic factor, Aeromonas salmonicida, glycoprotein, virulence factor

Contaminant Accumulation and Physiological Response in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Reared on Naturally Contaminated Diets

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1987-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
P. V. Hodson ◽  
H. E. Braun ◽  
J. L. Leatherland ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Thyroid Hyperplasia

Juvenile rainbow trout were reared for 24 wk on practical-type diets formulated with fish meals derived from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) taken from Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and the Pacific Ocean. Levels of contaminants (DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, mirex, and PCBs) increased 10-fold from control and Pacific Ocean salmon-based diets to Lake Ontario salmon-based diets. Rainbow trout accumulated contaminants in direct proportion to dietary levels. However, there were no significant differences in the final body weights, feed to gain ratios, or mortality rates of the trout reared on the different test diets. No signs of abnormal behavior or any indication of histopathological abnormalities were observed in any of the fish. There were no signs of thyroid hyperplasia or any significant decline in serum T3 or T4 levels with increasing dietary contaminant levels. Therefore, rainbow trout do not appear to have been affected by the uptake and accumulation of contaminants. However, the trout did not appear to regulate their body burden of contaminants; this ultimately could prove to be toxic and may adversely affect the ability of these fish to reproduce and survive. The final concentrations of mirex and PCBs in the Lake Ontario-fed fish exceeded the allowed limits to protect human health; therefore, fish meals produced from Lake Ontario salmon are unsuitable as a source of feed for aquaculture of rainbow trout intended for human consumption.

Phoma herbarum, a Fungal Plant Saprophyte, as a Fish Pathogen

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1648-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Ross ◽  
W. T. Yasutake ◽  
Steve Leek
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fish Pathogen ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Phoma Herbarum ◽  
Low Incidence

Phoma herbarum, a fungal plant saprophyte, was isolated from diseased hatchery-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The disease was observed at 10 national fish hatcheries in Washington and Oregon, but the low incidence of experimental infections indicate that it is only weakly contagious. Histopathological examination suggests that the air bladder is one of the primary organs infected. The visceral organs are also affected in both natural and experimental infections.

Leucocrit: A Simple Hematological Technique for Measuring Acute Stress in Salmonid Fish, Including Stressful Concentrations of Pulpmill Effluent

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2156-2163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
Michael R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Fish Blood ◽  
Effluent Exposure ◽  
Stock Values

The number of leucocytes and thrombocytes in the circulating blood of fishes seems to reflect more accurately than the number of erythrocytes the fish's reaction to acute stress, including that caused by pollution. To facilitate the estimation of leucocytes in fish blood, a new test is being introduced called leucocrit, which is based on the determination of the volume of packed leucocytes–thrombocytes expressed as a percentage of the whole blood. For stocks of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) held in freshwater under a variety of conditions, mean leucocrit values varied from 0.55 to 1.91%. Variations in age, species, food ration, degree of crowding, and prior disturbances offish stocks were associated with these differences. Leucocrit and leucocyte–thrombocyte counts for both species were depressed from stock values after 96-h or shorter (rainbow) exposure to stressful (high-temperature crowded) conditions; values for these measures were positively correlated but uncorrected with hematocrit values. Hematological values for subpopulations of underyearling rainbow trout reared under summer or winter photoperiod conditions were unaffected by photoperiod and responded similarly to acute stress. Leucocrit values for stocks of coho (1.30 ± 0.27%) and rainbow (0.92 ± 0.12%) were depressed due to transfer or acute exposure to bleached kraft pulpmill effluent (BKME). A 24-h exposure to BKME after 2 days' acclimation caused consistent leucocrit depressions, with median effective concentrations of 0.28 of the 96-h LC50 value for coho and 0.16 LC50 for rainbow. Hematocrit showed less sensitive or consistent changes due to stress or effluent exposure than leucocrit. Key words: leucocrit, leucocyte–thrombocyte count, hematocrit, blood, acute stress, BKME, pulpmill effluent, sublethal, salmonid fish, applications

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