Mercury Uptake and Ion Distribution in Gills of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Tissue Scans with an Electron Microprobe

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1575-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Paul O. Fromm
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Ion Distribution ◽  
Mercury Uptake

Mercury was found in gills of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) which had been exposed to inorganic mercury but not in those exposed to methyl mercury. No specific site for mercury uptake was identified and it is suggested that inorganic mercury enters the gill across the general lamellar surface. High concentrations were found associated with the gill cartilage. Since little ion diffusion occurs during tissue preparation, localization and/or identification of tissues can be accomplished by scans for various elements: sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S). The technique is not suitable for identification of highly volatile compounds such as methyl mercury due to the necessity of subjecting tissues to high vacuum conditions, however, we believe electron probe analyses should be useful in studies of active ion transport systems in gill tissue and in investigations of the effects of heavy metal pollutants on fishes.

Tissue Uptake, Subcellular Distribution, and Metabolism of 14CH3HgCl and CH3203HgCl by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Katherine S. Squibb ◽  
Robert J. Cousins
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mercury In Fish ◽  
Key Words Methylmercury

Uptake, whole tissue, and subcellular distribution of methylmercury (MeHg) by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, was studied during, and in three 2-wk intervals following, a single 24-h exposure to 14CH3HgCl and CH3203HgCl. Gel permeation chromatography of cytosol fractions was performed on select tissues. Gills contained approximately 10 times as much MeHg as any other tissue after 24-h exposure whereas concentrations were lowest for brain and skeletal muscle. In the 2-wk period following exposure, gill MeHg concentrations decreased to levels comparable with most other tissues; methylmercury in most other tissues increased and then decreased during the subsequent 4-wk period. Methylmercury levels in brain, skeletal muscle, and gonad were highest at 6 wk. During the 6-wk interval following MeHg exposure, the percent of mercury as inorganic mercury (Hg++) increased in gill, kidney, and liver and to a lesser extent in all other tissues except skeletal muscle. Total MeHg was greatest in cytosol fractions and usually made up from 50 to 80% of the total tissue mercury. In liver cytosol a methylmercury binding metallothionein-like species accounted for up to 40% of the total methylmercury bound. Inorganic mercury (Hg++), probably derived from demethylation of methylmercury, was associated with a metallothionein-like protein detected in gill tissue but no more than 6% of the total mercury in the soluble fraction was bound to this protein(s). Mercury binding to metallothionein-like proteins in kidney and splenic fractions was minimal in spite of relatively large amounts of mercury in the cytosol from these tissues. Metallothionein may act as a binding scavenger for methylmercury and inorganic mercury in fish. Key words: methylmercury, uptake by trout, tissue distribution, subcellular distribution, metallothionein, detoxification

Uptake of Methyl Mercuric Chloride and Mercuric Chloride by Trout: A Study of Uptake Pathways into the Whole Animal and Uptake by Erythrocytes in vitro

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1293-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Olson ◽  
Harold L. Bergman ◽  
Paul O. Fromm
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
High Affinity

Twenty-four hour uptake rate of either 203HgCl2 or CH3203HgCl by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was not affected by esophageal ligation. Uptake of these two mercurials in non-feeding trout appears to be by way of the gills. Methyl mercury enters the fish at a faster rate than the inorganic form and anomalous tissue distribution of these two mercurials suggests that inorganic mercury does not require methylation prior to entry into the fish.In vitro experiments using radioactive mercurials demonstrated high affinity of methyl mercury for red cells (up to 90% was bound to red cells in 40 min). Only 9% of inorganic mercury was taken up by red cells, but, this percentage was increased up to 65% if the cells were washed and suspended in Ringer solution prior to incubation with mercury.

METHYL MERCURY AND INORGANIC MERCURY: UPTAKE, DISTRIBUTION, AND EFFECT ON OSMOREGULATORY MECHANISMS IN FISHES

1974 ◽  
pp. 101-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LARRY RENFRO ◽  
BODIL SCHMIDT-NIELSEN ◽  
DAVID MILLER ◽  
DALE BENOS ◽  
JONATHAN ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Mercury Uptake

Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout,Salmo gairdneri: Biochemistry

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Jon Laurén ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Copper Exposure ◽  
Copper Uptake ◽  
Liver Copper

Whole body, gill, and liver copper uptake, gill Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity, and gill and liver acid-soluble thiols (AST), glutathione, and cysteine of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were measured during 28 d of exposure to 55 μg copper∙L−1. Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity was inhibited by 33% within 24 h of copper exposure, but this was compensated by a significant increase in microsomal protein so that the total Na+-K+-ATPase activity per milligram of gill tissue returned to normal by day 14. There was no accumulation of copper and no increase in AST, glutathione, or cysteine in the gill. However, after 7 d of exposure, hepatic AST and glutathione had increased by about 2 times, and a sulfhydryl-rich, acid-soluble protein, tentatively identified as metallothionein, increased by 2.8 times. Copper accumulation was highest in the liver, but other tissues also accumulated copper.

Uptake of Mercury by Caged Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the South Saskatchewan River

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Uthe ◽  
F. M. Atton ◽  
L. M. Royer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
River System ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
The South ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Mercury Uptake ◽  
South Saskatchewan River ◽  
Warm Summer

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were held in cages in the South Saskatchewan River to assess mercury uptake following curtailment of mercury discharges to the river. There was a rapid uptake of mercury by the fish during the first warm summer period (1970) with much less uptake during the rest of the year. A second summer experiment (1971) produced no significantly different results suggesting that a long-term contamination exists within this river system. Analyses showed that the bulk of mercury present in the fish carcasses was present as methylmercury.

Pharmacodynamics of methyl mercury in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Tissue uptake, distribution and excretion

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Giblin ◽  
Edward J. Massaro
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Tissue Uptake

scholarly journals Acute Pathological Effects of Inorganic Mercury and Copper in Gills of Rainbow Trout

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.-Y. Daoust ◽  
G. Wobeser ◽  
J. D. Newstead
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

Lesions induced in the gills of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by exposure to acutely lethal aqueous concentrations of inorganic mercury and copper were examined by light and electron microscopy. Lesions were most severe during the first 48 hours of exposure to the metals and were characterized primarily by apoptosis of lamellar epithelial cells and lamellar fusion. The latter process occurred either by simple apposition of adjacent lamellae to each other or through epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Except for hypertrophy of and increased number of primary lysosomes in lamellar epithelial cells of animals exposed to mercury, branchial lesions were not prominent in fish collected between 48 and 96 hours. The branchial lesions observed in this study are compared with pathological processes occurring in mammals.

Acute Toxicity of Methyl Mercury Chloride and Mercuric Chloride for Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fry and Fingerlings

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2005-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wobeser
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mercury Chloride

The median tolerance limit (MTL) for methyl mercury chloride at 24, 48, and 96 h was 0.084, 0.045, and 0.024 mg/liter as mercury, respectively, for fry; and 0.125, 0.066, and 0.042 mg/liter as mercury, respectively, for fingerlings. The MTL (24 h) for mercuric chloride for fingerlings was 0.90 mg/liter as mercury. Fingerlings exposed to methyl mercury chloride concentrated mercury in their tissues much more rapidly than did those exposed to mercuric chloride. The acute toxic action of both compounds was exerted on the gills. Mercuric chloride caused severe epithelial necrosis. Poisoning by methyl mercuric chloride was characterized by epithelial cell swelling and hyperplasia, a marked increase in the number of epithelial cells in mitosis, and terminal epithelial desquamation.

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