Daily Pattern of Nitrogen Excretion and Oxygen Consumption of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under Controlled Conditions

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2479-2486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett ◽  
C. A. Zala
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Maintenance Ration ◽  
Exogenous Nitrogen

Measurements of the rate of ammonia and urea excretion of fingerling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in fresh water were made at 2–3-hourly intervals throughout the day (average weight = 29 g; temperature = 15 C). One group of fish was fed a maintenance ration while another group was starved for 22 days. Ammonia excretion rose to a sharp peak of 35 mg N/kg per hour, 4–41/2 h after the start of feeding (at 0830) and fell to a baseline level of 8.2 mg N/kg per hour between 0200 and 0800. Urea excretion remained relatively steady at a mean rate of 2.2 mg N/kg per hour throughout the day, showing no diurnal response to feeding. Starved fish showed a nitrogen excretion rate close to that for both the steady state of urea excretion and the baseline rate of ammonia excretion of the fed fish. Oxygen consumption rose to a peak of 370 mg O2/kg per hour just before and during a 1-h feeding period, decreasing thereafter to a low of 170 mg O2/kg per hour at 0300 h. For the starved fish this diurnal metabolic fluctuation continued from the start in a variable and diminishing form whereas nitrogen excretion showed no such response. The results are discussed in relation to hatchery observations. We conclude that for nonstressed salmon at 15 C ammonia is the chief excretory product of exogenous nitrogen metabolism.

Ammonia Quotient in Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1003-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Kutty
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Theoretical Estimate ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Pattern ◽  
Ammonia Quotient

Ammonia quotients (A.Q., ratio of ammonia excreted to oxygen consumed) were computed from data on daily-fed and starved sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). In 22-d starved salmon, where a diel pulse in oxygen consumption, but not in ammonia excretion, persisted, the A.Q. was 0.125 at the prepulse stage (0.11 in fed fish); the lowest A.Q. was 0.06 (0.05 in fed fish) at peak oxygen consumption. The highest A.Q. of 0.24 was obtained in fed fish at the peak of ammonia output. Based on a theoretical estimate of an aerobic maximum A.Q. of 0.33, it is estimated that protein oxidation changes from 18 to 38% in starved sockeye and 15 to 73% in fed fish. The latter value is possibly an overestimate because of the involvement of nonoxidative protein breakdown, but this anaerobic involvement in routine metabolism of sockeye may be negligible. Key words: ammonia excretion, ammonia quotient, Oncorhynchus nerka, daily metabolic pattern, protein catabolism, starvation effect, energy utilization, nitrogen-excretion ratio, Rhinomugil corsula

scholarly journals Metabolism of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from two origins in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M.F. Babarro ◽  
María José Fernández-Reiriz ◽  
Uxío Labarta
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
North West ◽  
Cultivation Period ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Ammonia Excretion Rate

Mussel seed Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from two origins (rocky shore and collector ropes) was cultivated on a raft in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain), from seeding to thinning out, for 226 d (November 1995–July 1996) and two aspects of metabolism, oxygen consumption rate (VO2) and ammonia excretion rate (VNH4-N) were studied in situ.The model derived from multiple analysis of oxygen consumption accounted for 91.9% of the variance, based on dry weight of the mussels and the environmental factors quality of food (organic content) and mainly chlorophyll-a. Seed origin also showed significant influence. The seasonal pattern of the oxygen consumption can be attributed mainly to the variation of chlorophyll-a, which showed a higher range of values in the spring months.Origin of seed did not show a homogeneous effect on oxygen consumption throughout the cultivation period. Collector rope mussels showed higher oxygen consumption values at the beginning of the cultivation period and after the first 15 d, but the rocky shore mussels showed a higher oxygen consumption between days 22 and 110. Energy-conserving patterns and lower condition index at the onset of the experiment for rocky shore mussels could explain these initial differences.Multiple analysis on the variation of ammonia excretion rate provided a model that accounted for 72.6% of the variance based on dry weight of mussels, seed origin and the environmental parameters chlorophyll-a and total particulate matter. The rocky shore mussels showed a significantly higher excretion values for most of the cultivation period, although there was no constant tendency throughout. High excretion values were recorded between January and March, whilst for the rest of the cultivation period values were low.The O:N index was higher in collector rope mussels for most of the cultivation period, which may suggest a more favourable energy metabolism and/or a more appropriate nutritional state for these specimens.

scholarly journals Ureotelism is inducible in the neotropical freshwater Hoplias malabaricus (Teleostei, Erythrinidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Moraes ◽  
V. L. P. Polez
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Ammonia ◽  
Alkaline Water ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Ammonia Transport ◽  
In The Wild

Increased environmental pH decreases ammonia transport through the gills, impairing nitrogenous waste. The consequent toxicity is usually drastic to most fishes. A few species are able to synthesize urea as a way to detoxify plasma ammonia. We studied three teleosts of the family Erythrinidae living in distinct environments, and assumed the biochemical behaviors would be different in spite of their being closely related species. Adult fish collected in the wild were submitted to alkaline water and the urea excretion rate was determined. The specific activity of urea cycle enzymes was determined in liver samples of fish from neutral waters. The studied species Hoplias lacerdae, Hoplerithrynus unitaeniatus, and Hoplias malabaricus are ureogenic. Urea synthesis is not a metabolic way to detoxify ammonia in H. lacerdae and Hoplerithrynus unitaeniatus exposed to an alkaline environment. The plasma ammonia profile of both species showed two distinct biochemical responses. Urea excretion of H. malabaricus was high in alkaline water, and the transition to ureotelism is proposed. The nitrogen excretion rate of H. malabaricus was among the highest values reported and the high urea excretion leads us to include this species as ureotelic in alkaline water.

The marble goby oxyeleotris marmoratus activates hepatic glutamine synthetase and detoxifies ammonia to glutamine during air exposure

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.Y. Jow ◽  
S.F. Chew ◽  
C.B. Lim ◽  
P.M. Anderson ◽  
Y.K. Ip
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Experimental Fish ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Oxyeleotris Marmoratus

Ammonia levels in various tissues of the marble goby Oxyeleotris marmoratus remained constant throughout a 72 h period of air exposure. The rate of ammonia excretion in these experimental fish decreased to approximately one-fifth of that of the submerged control. Ammonia was not converted to urea during air exposure because there were no significant increases in urea content in the tissues. Also, urea excretion rate was lowered to one-fiftieth that of the submerged fish. After 24 h of air exposure, there was a significant increase in muscle glutamine content, which peaked at 48 h. The increase in glutamine content could account for the decreases in the amounts of ammonia and urea excretion during air exposure. The specific activities of hepatic glutamate dehydrogenase (amination) and glutamine synthetase in these experimental fish increased threefold and thirtyfold, respectively, in comparison with the submerged controls. Thus, O. marmoratus appears to be the first known teleost that responds to air exposure by activating hepatic glutamine synthetase to detoxify internally produced ammonia.

Growth Rate and Body Composition of Fingerling Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in relation to Temperature and Ration Size

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2363-2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett ◽  
J. E. Shelbourn ◽  
C. T. Shoop
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Ration Size ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Maintenance Ration

The growth of young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) was studied at temperatures ranging from 1 to 24 C in relation to rations of 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6% of dry body weight per day, and at an "excess" ration. Optimum growth occurred at approximately 15 C for the two highest rations, shifting progressively to a lower temperature at each lower ration. The maximum growth rate for sockeye 5–7 months old was 2.6%/day; that for fish 7–12 months old was 1.6%/day. At 1 C a ration of 1.5%/day was sufficient to provide for a maximum growth rate of 0.23%/day. The maintenance ration was found to increase rapidly above 12 C, amounting to 2.6%/day at 20 C. No growth took place at approximately 23 C despite the presence of excess food.Isopleths for gross and net food-conversion efficiencies were calculated. A maximum gross efficiency of 25% occurred in a small area with a center at 11.5 C and a ration of 4.0%/day; a maximum net efficiency of 40% occurred within a range of 8–10 C for rations of 1.5%/day down to 0.8%/day, the maintenance level.Gross body constituents changed in response to the imposed conditions, varying in extreme from 86.9% water, 9.4% protein, and 1.0% fat for starved fish at 20 C to 71.3% water, 19.7% protein, and 7.6% fat on an excess ration at 15 C.It is concluded on the basis of growth and food-conversion efficiency that temperatures from 5 to 17 C are most favorable for young sockeye, and that a general physiological optimum occurs in the vicinity of 15 C.

The Metabolism of Trichinosed Rats During the Early Phase of the Disease

1941 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 87-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Time Of Infection

The changes in protein digestion, crude fibre digestion and the chief urinary constituents found in four rats after experimental infection with Trichinella spiralis are detailed.Diarrhoea and anorexia occurred during the period 8 to 12 days after infection when protein digestion fell to its lowest point. It is suggested that this was due to antiproteases secreted by the adult parasites and to mechanical damage in the intestinal mucosa caused by their movements.Urinary N rose immediately after infection in “non-resistant” rats. This was followed by a period of decreased N output after which the excretion rate rose steeply.The urea output also rose immediately after infection in “non-resistant” rats. During the period 4 to 12 days from the time of infection urea excretion fell. Thereafter there was a great increase in its rate of output. Most of these changes have been attributed to toxins elaborated by the adult parasites for massive larval invasion of the tissues probably did not occur till after the experiments were terminated.Ammonia excretion rose as urinary urea decreased. The fall in urea N was not compensated by the rise in ammonia N + the fall in dietary N intake. The ammonia output returned rapidly to normal suggesting that the excess ammonia was not produced in response to acidosis when the urea excretion rate rose.Creatine excretion showed a marked fall during the period 4 to 12 days after infection. Urinary creatine and creatinine rose steeply following this period. Possible reasons for these variations are discussed.

The Relation of Size to Rate of Oxygen Consumption and Sustained Swimming Speed of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1491-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Relative Performance ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
A Value ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

The relation of size (log weight, g) to metabolic rate (log O2-uptake, mg O2/hr) of sockeye salmon was found to have a continuous change in slope (0.78–0.97) with increasing activity at 15 C.The slope of the equation relating the 60-min sustained swimming speed (log speed, cm/sec) to length (cm) had a value of 0.50, demonstrating a rapid decrease in relative performance with increasing size.

scholarly journals Prolonged swimming, recovery and repeat swimming performance of mature sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka exposed to moderate hypoxia and pentachlorophenol.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (14) ◽  
pp. 2183-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Farrell ◽  
A K Gamperl ◽  
I K Birtwell
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Moderate Hypoxia ◽  
Lactate Levels

Mature, wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) demonstrated their remarkable stamina and recovery abilities by performing three consecutive critical swimming speed tests with only a 45 min interval for recovery between subsequent tests. Although the repeated swimming challenges were performed without a full recovery, normoxic fish swam just as well on the second swim, and the majority of fish swam only marginally more poorly on the third swim. In addition, metabolic loading in these fish, as measured by the rate of oxygen consumption, ventilation rate and plasma lactate levels during recovery, did not appear to be cumulative with successive swims. Fish, however, did not recover as well after a similar level of initial swimming performance under moderately hypoxic conditions (water PO2>100 mmHg; 1 mmHg=0.1333 kPa). Four out of the five fish did not swim again and their high plasma lactate levels indicated a greater anaerobic effort. In another group of fish, metabolic loading (elevated control rates of oxygen consumption) was induced with an overnight sublethal exposure to pentachlorophenol, but these fish swam as well as normoxic fish on the first swim, and five of the six fish swam for a third time at a marginally lower critical swimming speed. In contrast to expectations, pentachlorophenol pretreatment and moderate hypoxia were not additive in their effects. Instead, the effects resembled those of pentachlorophenol pretreatment alone. The results are discussed in terms of what aspects of fatigue might impair the repeat swimming performance of sockeye salmon.

scholarly journals Induction of ornithine-urea cycle enzymes and nitrogen metabolism and excretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during early life stages

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Wright ◽  
A Felskie ◽  
P Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Urea Cycle ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Carbamoyl Phosphate ◽  
Adult Liver ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Urea Excretion

The ornithine­urea cycle (OUC) is present in elasmobranch fish and many terrestrial vertebrates. Recently, a functional OUC has been reported in a few teleost species, suggesting that all teleost fish have the genes for the OUC, but expression is relatively rare. We investigated the possibility that the OUC is expressed during early development in trout as a mechanism for detoxifying ammonia produced from the catabolism of yolk protein. We followed ammonia and urea excretion rates, tissue ammonia and urea levels and OUC enzyme activities in rainbow trout up to 93 days after fertilization. Both ammonia and urea tissue concentrations increased several-fold in the first 40 days after fertilization (embryo stage), peaking at 1.7 mmol N l-1 and 2.5 mmol N l-1, respectively. Ammonia excretion could be detected in 4-day-old embryos, but urea excretion was not initiated until after hatching (day 45). Urea excretion in larval fish (days 42­93) increased several-fold and by day 93 was 14 % of total nitrogen excretion, as found in adult trout. Glutamine synthetase (GSase) and arginase activities were detected in 'whole animal' homogenates just after hatching and the levels of activity increased markedly to day 93. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) were first detected in 40-day-old embryos; activities peaked between days 53 and 71 and then subsequently decreased. Adult liver enzyme activity for GSase was several-fold lower than in whole larval trout and OTCase and CPSase III (glutamine- and N-acetylglutamate-dependent CPSase catalysing the first step of the OUC) activities were essentially absent in adult liver. We conclude that embryonic and larval trout are primarily ammoniotelic. Urea is synthesized immediately after fertilization, but is not excreted until after the embryo is hatched. The results provide evidence for the presence of the OUC in larval rainbow trout, since four of the OUC enzymes are induced just after hatching and the levels of activity are relatively high compared with those in adult liver tissue. Furthermore, we suggest that all teleosts have retained the OUC genes, which are expressed only during certain stages of development (embryogenesis), and in a few rare species expression is maintained throughout the life cycle to cope with unusual environmental conditions (e.g. alkaline water, air exposure).

scholarly journals Effect of tempreature on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
XU Gangchun ◽  
◽  
GU Ruobo ◽  
WEN Haibo
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Ammonia Excretion Rate
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