scholarly journals Prolonged swimming, recovery and repeat swimming performance of mature sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka exposed to moderate hypoxia and pentachlorophenol.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (14) ◽  
pp. 2183-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Farrell ◽  
A K Gamperl ◽  
I K Birtwell
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Moderate Hypoxia ◽  
Lactate Levels

Mature, wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) demonstrated their remarkable stamina and recovery abilities by performing three consecutive critical swimming speed tests with only a 45 min interval for recovery between subsequent tests. Although the repeated swimming challenges were performed without a full recovery, normoxic fish swam just as well on the second swim, and the majority of fish swam only marginally more poorly on the third swim. In addition, metabolic loading in these fish, as measured by the rate of oxygen consumption, ventilation rate and plasma lactate levels during recovery, did not appear to be cumulative with successive swims. Fish, however, did not recover as well after a similar level of initial swimming performance under moderately hypoxic conditions (water PO2>100 mmHg; 1 mmHg=0.1333 kPa). Four out of the five fish did not swim again and their high plasma lactate levels indicated a greater anaerobic effort. In another group of fish, metabolic loading (elevated control rates of oxygen consumption) was induced with an overnight sublethal exposure to pentachlorophenol, but these fish swam as well as normoxic fish on the first swim, and five of the six fish swam for a third time at a marginally lower critical swimming speed. In contrast to expectations, pentachlorophenol pretreatment and moderate hypoxia were not additive in their effects. Instead, the effects resembled those of pentachlorophenol pretreatment alone. The results are discussed in terms of what aspects of fatigue might impair the repeat swimming performance of sockeye salmon.

The Relation of Size to Rate of Oxygen Consumption and Sustained Swimming Speed of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1491-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Relative Performance ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
A Value ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

The relation of size (log weight, g) to metabolic rate (log O2-uptake, mg O2/hr) of sockeye salmon was found to have a continuous change in slope (0.78–0.97) with increasing activity at 15 C.The slope of the equation relating the 60-min sustained swimming speed (log speed, cm/sec) to length (cm) had a value of 0.50, demonstrating a rapid decrease in relative performance with increasing size.

scholarly journals A Method for Estimating the Velocity at Which Anaerobic Metabolism Begins in Swimming Fish

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1430
Author(s):  
Feifei He ◽  
Xiaogang Wang ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Yiqun Hou ◽  
Qiubao Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Crucian Carp ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Efficiency ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Tail Beat

Anaerobic metabolism begins before fish reach their critical swimming speed. Anaerobic metabolism affects the swimming ability of fish, which is not conducive to their upward tracking. The initiation of anaerobic metabolism therefore provides a better predictor of flow barriers than critical swimming speed. To estimate the anaerobic element of metabolism for swimming fish, the respiratory metabolism and swimming performance of adult crucian carp (Carassius auratus, mass = 260.10 ± 7.93, body length = 19.32 ± 0.24) were tested in a closed tank at 20 ± 1 °C. The swimming behavior and rate of oxygen consumption of these carp were recorded at various swimming speeds. Results indicate (1) The critical swimming speed of the crucian carp was 0.85 ± 0.032 m/s (4.40 ± 0.16 BL/s). (2) When a power function was fitted to the data, oxygen consumption, as a function of swimming speed, was determined to be AMR = 131.24 + 461.26Us1.27 (R2 = 0.948, p < 0.001) and the power value (1.27) of Us indicated high swimming efficiency. (3) Increased swimming speed led to increases in the tail beat frequency. (4) Swimming costs were calculated via rate of oxygen consumption and hydrodynamic modeling. Then, the drag coefficient of the crucian carp during swimming was calibrated (0.126–0.140), and the velocity at which anaerobic metabolism was initiated was estimated (0.52 m/s), via the new method described herein. This study adds to our understanding of the metabolic patterns of fish at different swimming speeds.

Impact of Diet on Metabolism and Swimming Performance in Juvenile Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
J. C. Howlett ◽  
T. E. Medland
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Velocity Increments ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

Juvenile lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, of similar size were fed one of three isocaloric diets, each differing in protein and lipid content. Oxygen consumption and swimming performance were measured in a recirculating water flume at intervals throughout the 70-d feeding trials (10 °C). Swimming speed was increased by stepwise velocity increments (5 cm∙s−1) and oxygen consumption was measured at each velocity between 20 and 45 cm∙s−1. Oxygen consumption for a given speed did not differ significantly throughout the feeding trial nor among the diets implying a similarity in the quality and quantity of substrate catabolized for energy. Basal metabolism (0 cm∙s−1) was also independent of diet and feeding interval. Critical swimming speed increased with dietary and carcass protein content to suggest a direct association with muscle mass and number of myofilaments.

Differential impairment of thermogenesis in the pigeon after chemical sympathectomy

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Hohtola ◽  
H. Rintamäki ◽  
R. Hissa
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Chemical Sympathectomy ◽  
Ffa Metabolism ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
The Stability ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

A dose-controlled chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) did not disrupt thermostasis in the pigeon at +38 °C. At +6 °C, thermogenesis was impaired, but the lower body temperature and oxygen consumption were stable and vasoconstriction was normal. The stability may partly be explained by a massive release of adrenaline from the adrenals (50% in 20 min). Despite a deficit in heat production both after sympathectomy and after acute 6-OHDA, no change in muscle electrical activity was observed. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was significantly elevated after sympathectomy, but no changes occurred in blood glucose or plasma lactate levels. The results indicate a major compensatory role for the adrenals in avian thermogenesis. They also suggest a sympathetically mediated auxiliary thermogenic mechanism independent of muscle electrical activity and coupled to FFA metabolism.

Effect of Morphological Fin-Curl on the Swimming Performance and Station-Holding Ability of Juvenile Shovelnose Sturgeon

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Deslauriers ◽  
Ryan Johnston ◽  
Steven R. Chipps
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
Shovelnose Sturgeon ◽  
Pectoral Fins

Abstract We assessed the effect of fin-curl on the swimming and station-holding ability of juvenile shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (mean fork length = 17 cm; mean weight = 16 g; n = 21) using a critical swimming speed test performed in a small swim chamber (90 L) at 20°C. We quantified fin-curl severity using the pectoral fin index. Results showed a positive relationship between pectoral fin index and critical swimming speed indicative of reduced swimming performance displayed by fish afflicted with a pectoral fin index &lt; 8%. Fin-curl severity, however, did not affect the station-holding ability of individual fish. Rather, fish affected with severe fin-curl were likely unable to use their pectoral fins to position their body adequately in the water column, which led to the early onset of fatigue. Results generated from this study should serve as an important consideration for future stocking practices.

Metabolic rates and swimming performance of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) after a controlled infection with Parvicapsula minibicornis

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 2124-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
G N Wagner ◽  
S G Hinch ◽  
L J Kuchel ◽  
A Lotto ◽  
S RM Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Holding Period

Adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) acquire infections with the myxosporean kidney parasite Parvicapsula minibicornis during their spawning migration in the Fraser River, British Columbia. Controlled infections with this parasite in wild sockeye salmon had no significant impact on plasma ionic status, metabolic rates, and initial maximum prolonged swimming performance (Ucrit) for fish ranked as either strongly, weakly, or noninfected by polymerase chain reaction analysis of kidney tissue. However, strongly infected fish had significantly lower second Ucrit and recovery ratio (8%) values, indicating decreased ability to recover from exercise. As the present study shows that the severity of infection is affected by time and temperature, the accumulated thermal units (ATU) of exposure in this study were compared with those experienced by naturally migrating sockeye salmon. A parallel telemetry study revealed that early-timed sockeye experienced significantly more ATU (741.4 ± 29.4 °C) than normally migrating salmon (436.0 ± 20.0 °C) prior to spawning because of a significantly longer holding period in the lake system. The present data are discussed in the context of a threshold of >450 °C ATU for severe infection that would first manifest in early-timed fish in the upper reaches of the Fraser River and certainly on the spawning grounds.

Relationship Among Recovery Oxygen, Oxygen Missed, Lactate Production and Lactate Removal During and Following Severe Hypoxia in the Unanesthetized Dog

1958 ◽  
Vol 192 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman R. Alpert ◽  
Herbert Kayne ◽  
Winona Haslett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Severe Hypoxia ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Oxygen Oxygen ◽  
Lactate Removal ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Removal And Recovery

An experiment was designed to test the ‘O2debt’ hypothesis. Oxygen consumption and plasma lactate were measured before, during and following hypoixa in unanesthetized spinally transected dogs. The O2 consumption was depressed during hypoxia and returned toward control levels during recovery. Lactate levels increased during the hypoxia and returned to the control during recovery. Oxygen missed was correlated with the excess consumption of recovery. A highly significant relationship was found which indicated that the larger the depression in O2 consumption during hypoxia, the greater was the depression during the recovery period and the more prolonged the return to control levels. Oxygen missed during hypoxia was compared to lactate production. A significant relationship was found. Lactate removal was compared to excess consumption of recovery. No correlation existed between lactate removal and recovery O2 consumption. The authors postulate the presence of a metabolic governor which controls the rate of O2 uptake.

The relationship between specific growth rate and swimming performance in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2165-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Kolok ◽  
James T. Oris
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the specific growth rate of male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was positively correlated with swimming performance. Subadult fish were allowed to grow into adults over a period of 31 – 55 days, after which the critical swimming speed of each fish was determined. Variation in critical swimming speed was substantial (greater than 50%), and a significant positive correlation was found between number of growing days and critical swimming speed, whereas a significant negative correlation was found between specific growth rate and critical swimming speed. A multiple regression using specific growth rate and number of growing days explained over 47% of the variation in swimming performance. Fathead minnows that grow fast are poor swimmers, suggesting a trade-off between swimming performance and specific growth rate in this species.

The Swimming Energetics of Trout

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Difference

1. The oxygen consumption of rainbow trout was measured at a variety of subfatigue swimming speeds, at a temperature of 15 %C. Five groups of fish were used, a control group and four groups with extra drag loads attached to the body. 2. The logarithm of oxygen consumption was linearly related to swimming speed in all five groups, the slope of the relationship increasing with the size of the extra drag load. The mean standard rate of oxygen consumption was 72.5 mg O2/kg wet weight/h. The active rate of oxygen consumption was highest for the control group (628 mg O2/kg/h) and fell with increasing size of the attached drag load. The active rate for the control group was high in comparison with other salmonid fish, and in comparison with the value expected for the fish. This was not a result of the extra drag loads in the other groups. No explanation for this high value can be found. 3. The critical swimming speed for a 60 min test period was 58.1 cm/sec (2.0 body lengths/sec) for the control group. The values for the critical swimming speeds were slightly higher than those measured for the same species in a previous paper (Webb, 1971). The difference between the two sets of critical swimming speeds is attributed to seasonal changes in swimming performance. 4. The aerobic efficiency was found to reach values of 14.5-15.5% based on the energy released by aerobic metabolism in comparison with the calculated required thrust. 5. The anaerobic contribution to the total energy budget in increasing-velocity tests is considered to be small, and can be neglected. 6. It is concluded that the efficiency of the muscle system in cruising will be approximately 17-20% over the upper 80% of the cruising-speed range, while the caudal propeller efficiency will increase from about 15-75 % over the same range. 7. Consideration of the efficiency values for the caudal propeller calculated here, and those predicted by Lighthill's (1969) model of fish propulsion, suggest that the efficiency of the propeller system will reach an optimum value at the maximum cruising speeds of most fish, and will remain close to this value at spring speeds.

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