Ecological Analysis and the Fry Paradigm

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Systems Theory ◽  
Ecological Analysis ◽  
Fundamental Component ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Emergent Behaviors

Appreciation of the essential distinction between internal and external methods of analysis is a fundamental component of the Fry paradigm. Investigation of the emergent behaviors of systems, observed at several hierarchical levels of ecological organization, is emphasized in his work. Internal analysis is always preceded by observation of the relevant external variables. The value of this approach is clear when assessed in terms of recent developments in systems theory.

Statistical aspects of on-farm experimentation

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Peter Piepho ◽  
Christel Richter ◽  
Joachim Spilke ◽  
Karin Hartung ◽  
Arndt Kunick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Online Monitoring ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Precision Farming ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
On Farm

This paper reviews options for the design and analysis of on-farm experiments. It covers both older approaches that have been popular since the Green Revolution, and more recent developments made possible by the availability of online monitoring systems as used in precision farming. The roles of randomisation as well as of geostatistical methods of analysis for these kinds of experiments are critically discussed. Two case studies are provided for illustration.

Communication and Knowledge Networks as Complex Systems

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Monge ◽  
Noshir Contractor
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Knowledge Networks ◽  
Social Success ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Secure Networks ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

The concept of a system has a long and distinguished history in the social sciences. In fact, Mattelart and Mattelart (1998) claim that “the idea of society as an organism, that is, a whole composed of organs performing predetermined functions, inspired the earliest conceptions of a ‘science of communication’”. We begin this chapter with a brief historical overview of the major systems perspectives that have been utilized in social theory and research: structural-functionalism, cybernetics, and general systems theory. We then apply recent developments in complex systems theories to organizational networks. In doing so, we look at communication and knowledge networks from the perspective of agent-based modeling and self-organizing systems. Mattelart and Mattelart (1998) trace the early growth of systems thinking in the social sciences. Adam Smith’s (1776) classic work, The Wealth of Nations, postulated that a laissez-faire system, the division of labor, and channels of communication and transportation were crucial aspects of economic prosperity. The key to economic and therefore social success was the unrestricted circulation of messages, materials, and money through secure networks. According to Mattelart and Mattelart (1998), Francois Quesnay, a French physician and economist, published an economic chart (tableau economique) in 1758. “The chart offers a macroscopic vision of an economy of ‘flows’ in the form of a geometrical zigzag figure in which the lines expressing exchange between human beings and the land, as well as among the three classes making up society, cut across each other and become intertwined”. The Mattelarts note that Claude Henri de Saint Simon’s eighteenth-century work also applied systems theory to the concept of networks. Saint-Simons’s theory conceived of society as “an organic system, a bundle or fabric of networks.... He attributed strategic importance to the development of a system of communication routes”. Out of this background Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) developed the first integrated theory of society built on a direct analogy with biological systems.

scholarly journals Issues and Challenges of Mangrove conservation in the Anthropocene

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel E. Lugo ◽  
Ernesto Medina ◽  
Kathleen McGinley
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Ecological Analysis ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Current Movement ◽  
Mangrove Conservation

This essay addresses the conservation issues facing mangroves in the Anthropocene, defined as the era of human domination over the world. We review the laws, policies, international agreements, and local actions that address the conservation of mangrove forests in the Neotropics and relate them to the Anthropocene. Collaboration between governments, non-governmental organizations, and communities that depend on mangroves for their livelihood will be critical in the Anthropocene. The essay also reviews recent developments in mangrove ecology and ecophysiology that enlighten how mangroves might respond to changes in temperature and rainfall, sea level rise, and other anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Mangroves in the Anthropocene will also face changes in their species composition given the current movement of mangroves species across continental barriers as a result of human activity. These trends will lead to novel mangrove forests and in some cases expand the range of mangroves worldwide. The solution to mangrove persistence in the Anthropocene is not to isolate mangroves from people, but to regulate interactions between mangroves and humans through effective management. We will also have to expand the scope of the ecological analysis of mangrove ecosystems to include the social forces converging on the mangroves through an analytical approach that has been termed Social Ecology. Desafíos de la conservación del mangle en el Antropoceno Este ensayo aborda los problemas de conservación que enfrentan los manglares en el Antropoceno, definido como la época de la dominación humana sobre el mundo. En él repasamos las leyes, políticas, acuerdos internacionales y las acciones locales que se ocupan de la conservación de los bosques de mangle en el Neotrópico y se relacionan con el Antropoceno. La colaboración entre gobiernos, organizaciones no gubernamentales y las comunidades que dependen de los manglares para su sustento será decisiva en el Antropoceno. El ensayo también incluye comentarios sobre los avances recientes en ecología de manglares y en ecofisiología que explican cómo los manglares podrían responder a los cambios de temperatura y precipitación, el aumento del nivel del mar y otras perturbaciones naturales y antropogénicas. Los manglares en el Antropoceno también enfrentarán a cambios en su composición de especies, dado el actual movimiento de especies de manglares a través de barreras continentales como resultado de la actividad humana. Estas tendencias conducirán a nuevas formaciones de manglares y en algunos casos ampliarán la presencia de los manglares en todo el mundo. La solución a la persistencia de manglares en el Antropoceno es no aislar a los manglares de la gente, sino regular las interacciones entre los manglares y los seres humanos a través de una gestión eficaz. También tendremos que ampliar el alcance del análisis ecológico de los ecosistemas de manglar para incluir las fuerzas sociales convergentes en los manglares a través de un enfoque analítico que se ha denominado Ecología Social.

Medium as a basic concept of sociology: contributions from systems theory

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Tosini
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Recent Developments

The main purpose of this article is to present the fundamental concepts of a theory of social systems, with special reference to the concepts of medium and form, and their application in sociology. By challenging the indifference and opposition shown by most contemporary sociologists to the ontological and theoretical questions of social theory (e.g. in the case of micro-sociologists’ aversion to Parsons), systems theory has, from the beginning, represented an attempt at an analysis focusing on the fundamental concepts (and on their coherent relations) of a general theory of society. Ignoring the elaboration of these concepts may be tantamount to reducing sociology to countless collections of facts of a limited informative value. Indeed, only an adequate conceptual framework will suffice. Certain recent developments in systems theory offer useful tools. Some of these developments are illustrated in this article, which marshals a network of concepts, each dealing with specific aspects relating to sociological analysis.

Systems Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 142-158
Author(s):  
Henry E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Complex Systems Theory ◽  
Conventional Analysis ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Bundle Of Rights ◽  
Public Versus Private

Accounts of private law in general and property in particular have downplayed traditional notions of system in favor of a sum-of-the-parts reductionism. Recent developments in complex systems theory allows a reassessment of this picture. A system is a collection of elements and the connections between and among them; complex systems are ones in which the properties of the system as a whole are difficult to infer from the properties of the parts. Private law is a complex system. Taking the bundle of rights in property law as a starting point, the chapter shows that conventional analysis is overly reductive in that it assumes that the attributes of the whole bundle are the additive sum of the attributes of the “sticks” in the bundle taken individually. Theoretically and empirically, this aggregative approach is not as accurate as one based on “organized complexity,” points in the direction of the New Private Law: systems theory leads to a better and more unified account of the bundle of rights, standardization in property, possession, title, and equity. Systems theory also promises to mitigate some of the dichotomies in private law, such as holism versus reductionism, homogeneity versus specialization, formalism versus contextualism, and public versus private law.

scholarly journals Bureaukratisch patronage en etno-linguisme

Res Publica ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-165
Author(s):  
Mark Elchardus
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Society ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Tertiary Sector ◽  
Ecological Analysis ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Post Industrial

The present investigation looks at the recent success of ethnolinguistic politics as, largerly, the outcome of friction betweèn the existing -pattern of political integration and a set of relatively new · socio-economic conditions. The development of the latter is part of what may be implied in the phrase «post-industrial society». The Belgian pattern of political integration is characterized by very low levels of differentiation between the parties, the administration and the voluntary organizations. It implies a mode of political participation in which the recent developments in the organization of labor, expansion of the tertiary sector, geographical mobility and urbanization lead to political marginality for the groupsconcerned. This marginality expresses itself in support for ethnolinguism which serves as an alternative route to political integration.This theory is evaluated and substantiated on the basis of an ecological analysis of the success of an ethnolinguistic party (the Front Démocratique des Francophones) in the 1970 and 1976 communal elections.

Descriptive Analysis of the Interactive Patterning of the Vocalization Subsystems in Healthy Participants: A Dynamic Systems Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-228
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Croake ◽  
Richard D. Andreatta ◽  
Joseph C. Stemple
Keyword(s):  
Systems Theory ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Systems Theory ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Interactive Nature ◽  
Emergent Behaviors ◽  
Physiologic Model

Purpose Normative data for many objective voice measures are routinely used in clinical voice assessment; however, normative data reflect vocal output, but not vocalization process. The underlying physiologic processes of healthy phonation have been shown to be nonlinear and thus are likely different across individuals. Dynamic systems theory postulates that performance behaviors emerge from the nonlinear interplay of multiple physiologic components and that certain patterns are preferred and loosely governed by the interactions of physiology, task, and environment. The purpose of this study was to descriptively characterize the interactive nature of the vocalization subsystem triad in subjects with healthy voices and to determine if differing subgroups could be delineated to better understand how healthy voicing is physiologically generated. Method Respiratory kinematic, aerodynamic, and acoustic formant data were obtained from 29 individuals with healthy voices (21 female and eight male). Multivariate analyses were used to descriptively characterize the interactions among the subsystems that contributed to healthy voicing. Results Group data revealed representative measures of the 3 subsystems to be generally within the boundaries of established normative data. Despite this, 3 distinct clusters were delineated that represented 3 subgroups of individuals with differing subsystem patterning. Seven of the 9 measured variables in this study were found to be significantly different across at least 1 of the 3 subgroups indicating differing physiologic processes across individuals. Conclusion Vocal output in healthy individuals appears to be generated by distinct and preferred physiologic processes that were represented by 3 subgroups indicating that the process of vocalization is different among individuals, but not entirely idiosyncratic. Possibilities for these differences are explored using the framework of dynamic systems theory and the dynamics of emergent behaviors. A revised physiologic model of phonation that accounts for differences within and among the vocalization subsystems is described. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7616462

Character Adaptation Systems Theory: A New Big Five for Personality and Psychotherapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Systems Theory ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Individual Psychotherapy ◽  
Personality Theory ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Experiential System ◽  
The Relationship

Although personality theory and psychotherapy were originally closely linked, the past several decades have witnessed surprising gaps between these domains. This article seeks to close that gap via character adaptation systems theory (CAST), which is a formulation derived from Henriques's (2011) unified approach to psychology that links recent developments in personality theory with integrative visions of psychotherapy via the explication of 5 systems of character adaptation: (a) the habit system, (b) the experiential system, (c) the relationship system, (d) the defensive system, and (e) the justification system. This article delineates the nature of these systems of adaptation and how they connect to modern personality theory and the major systems of individual psychotherapy, as well as how they relate to important domains in human psychology and can be applied in the context of psychotherapy.

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