Effect of Copper on Some Aspects of the Bioenergetics of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1335-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick F. Lett ◽  
G. J. Farmer ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Ration Level ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

The influence of sublethal concentrations of total copper on the appetite, growth, and proximate body composition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) held in hard water (365 mg/liter) was measured over a 40-day interval. The initial response of trout exposed to concentrations of copper ranging from 0.0 to 0.3 mg/liter (the 96-h LC50 was 0.25–0.68) was the cessation of feeding. Thereafter, food intake gradually returned to amounts observed for control fish, the rate of return of appetite being dependent on copper concentration and ration level. Growth rate of trout exposed to copper (0.075–0.225 mg/liter) and fed rations of either 0.25 or 1.5% dry food wt/wet fish wt per day was initially depressed but approached values observed for control fish near the end of the 40-day interval. During this period, lipid, protein, and moisture offish exposed to copper did not change significantly. Initial growth retardation was not attributable to the inability of copper-exposed fish to digest their daily rations. Results are discussed in terms of the ability offish to adapt to stress imposed by sublethal concentrations of heavy metals.

Water Quality Modifies Uptake of Waterborne Methylmercury by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 824-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Rodgers ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

We measured the efficiency of uptake of waterborne methylmercury relative to oxygen consumption for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, in hard or soft water and during exposure to sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride or zinc sulphate. The relative efficiency of methylmercury uptake in soft water was more than double that measured in hard water. When mercuric chloride was added with waterborne methylmercury, uptake efficiency was further increased, with similar values obtained in hard and soft water. In contrast, addition of zinc sulphate decreased the relative efficiency of methylmercury uptake. Water quality thus significantly affects the accumulation of waterborne methylmercury by fish. In particular, calcium-dependent changes in gill permeability may explain elevated methylmercury residues observed in fish from lakes of low alkalinity and pH.

Deposition of aluminum in the gill epithelium of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) subjected to sublethal concentrations of the metal

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Youson ◽  
Christine M. Neville
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were exposed to acid and sublethal concentrations of inorganic aluminum (1.6 μM at pH 6.1; 2.8 μM at pH 5.5, 5.0, and 4.5); aluminum was also administered in combination with organic acid at pH 4.5 and 5.0. The gill epithelium was examined by transmission electron microscopy and by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Control fish at pH 7.3 without aluminum showed normal morphology but increased acidity and (or) decreased hardness resulted in a greater exposure of chloride cells at the epithelial surface. All fish exposed to aluminum had electron-dense particles on the surface of the respiratory (pavement) epithelial cells and chloride cells of the gills and most cells had these deposits in varying concentrations within cytoplasmic vacuoles and dense bodies. It was shown by X-ray microanalysis that the deposits contained aluminum. Increased acidity did not alter the pattern of distribution of aluminum particles but a heavy concentration of this metal followed the addition of organic acid. The accumulation of aluminum on and within epithelial cells and increased exposure of chloride cells in the gills could reflect decreased oxygen uptake and increased ion loss in trout, and probably are responsible for the toxicity of aluminum to fish in an acid environment.

Accumulation of Cadmium by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, during Extended Exposure

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1045-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Urinary Zinc Excretion ◽  
Dry Food

Adult rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were exposed to 3.6 and 6.4 μg Cd/L for 178 d. Cadmium accumulated most rapidly in gill tissue which became saturated at levels 100-fold higher than controls within 24 and 52 d in the high- and low-metal exposures, respectively. Liver cadmium increased 250- to 400-fold over the test period but accumulation exhibited a plateau between 52 and 129 d followed by a rapid rise by 178 d. Kidney cadmium increased consistently throughout the test period to levels approximately 50- to 100-fold higher than control values. Cadmium in the gut and skin increased 10- and 5-fold, respectively, while no increase was recorded in white muscle. A maximum of 2.1% of the cadmium available in a commercial diet (0.2 μg Cd/g dry food} was accumulated in control fish. Although cadmium was not detected in the urine, urinary zinc excretion was elevated in trout exposed to 6.4 μg Cd/L such that 7 mol of zinc was excreted per 1 mol of cadmium accumulated during the initial 24 d of exposure. The whole-body burden of cadmium increased linearly with time in both treatments with a time constant of 0.366 and 0.554%/d for trout exposed to 3.6 and 6.4 μg Cd/L, respectively.

Apparent Digestibility in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri): Influence of Hypoxia

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 2003-2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Pouliot ◽  
J. de la Noüe
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Oxygen Saturation Level ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Isocaloric Diets ◽  
Different Sources

We assessed the influence of hypoxia, which is likely to reduce the productivity of fish culture, on the digestibility of nutrients in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Rainbow trout (seven to each diet) were kept for 8 d in water with an oxygen saturation level of 40.0 ± 4.0%, while control fish were kept in 89.4 ± 4.2% oxygen-saturated water. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets composed of different sources of protein (animal, plant, and mixed) were used. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were calculated by the indirect method (chromic oxide) after the automatic collection of feces. The experimental hypoxia used did not change the ADC for protein (total nitrogen), gross energy, or dry matter. The amino acids only showed a tendency for better absorption: proline, glycine, alanine, and tryptophan had a significantly higher ADC (P < 0.05) in experimental fish than in control fish when the animal protein based diet was used. Finally, we noted that feed intake was diet dependent. In contrast with what we observed with the commercial (mixed protein sources) and plant protein based diets, the fish receiving the animal protein based diet maintained a normal (or returning to normal) feed intake when they were subjected to hypoxia.

Zinc Influx Across the Isolated, Perfused Head Preparation of the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Hard and Soft Water

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2206-2215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Spry ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
First Order ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrography ◽  
Primary Substrate ◽  
Stimulation Of

At a waterborne [Zn] of 1.9 mg∙L−1 in hard water (~1 mmol Ca∙L−1), Zn influx across an isolated, saline-perfused head preparation of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was about 1.5 nmol∙kg−1∙h−1 through the lamellar pathway and about 1 nmol∙kg−1∙h−1 through the filamental route. Flux rates came rapidly to steady state in both pathways. Trout preexposed to artificial soft water (~0.05 mmol Ca∙L−1) for 5 d showed differential stimulation of flux rates to about 42 and 5 nmol Zn∙kg−1∙h−1 through the lamellar and filamental pathways, respectively. Under these conditions, steady-state fluxes across the lamellae did not occur until 15–20 min after the start of perfusion. Preparations from hardwater-acclimated trout tested in soft water gave typical hardwater fluxes showing that these changes in influx were not simply due to acute exposure of the gill surface to low waterborne [Ca]. Influxes in softwater trout, studied over [Zn] from 0.4 to 7.5 mg Zn∙L−1, revealed a saturable, first-order uptake with apparent Jmax and Km of 150 nequiv∙kg−1∙h−1 and 1.5 mg Zn∙L−1 (23 μmol∙L−1), respectively. Because the apparent Km is in the toxic range, Zn is clearly not the primary substrate. Scanning electron micrography revealed hypertrophy and increased apical exposure of chloride cells; this stimulation, coupled with the increase in Zn influx, suggests that chloride cells may be the site of entry of Zn across the gill.

scholarly journals Downstream pH Changes in Water Flowing Over the Gills of Rainbow Trout

1986 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 499-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA WRIGHT ◽  
TOM HEMING ◽  
DAVID RANDALL
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Stopped Flow ◽  
Water Acidification ◽  
Interlamellar Water ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Ph Stat ◽  
Control Water

We investigated the pH of interlamellar water of trout (Salmo gairdneri) by following changes in the downstream pH of expired water using a stopped-flow method. As water flowed over the gills of control fish, there was a significant decrease in water pH. Acetazolamide added to the water increased the CO2 disequilibrium, while carbonic anhydrase (CA) eliminated the CO2 disequilibrium relative to control water. Mucus excreted by the fish was found to contain CA activity by the pH-stat technique. We conclude water acidification is due to the conversion of excreted CO2 to HCO3− and H+ at the gill surface.

The Influence of Calcium on the Physiological Responses of the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri, to Low Environmental pH

1980 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
D. G. McDONALD ◽  
H. HŌBE ◽  
C. M. WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Minor Depression ◽  
Regulatory Failure ◽  
A Minor

The physiological responses of 1- to 2-year-old rainbow trout to low pH are dependent on the environmental calcium concentration. Trout, maintained for 5 days in moderately hard water ([Ca2+] = 1·6–2·7 m-equiv/1) at a mean pH of 4·3, developed a major blood acidosis but exhibited only a minor depression in plasma ion levels. In acidified soft water ([Ca2+] = 0·3 m-equiv/1), only a minor acidosis occurred, but plasma ion levels fell and there were substantially greater mortalities. Lethal bioassays performed on fingerling trout over a range of pH levels (3·0–4·8) revealed an important influence of external [Ca2+] on resistance to acid exposure. Terminal physiological measurements on adult fish succumbing to low pH in soft water indicate the singular importance of iono-regulatory failure as the toxic mechanism of action under these circumstances.

Effect of a sprint-training protocol on acceleration performance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kurt Gamperl ◽  
Dan L. Schnurr ◽  
E. Don Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sprint Training ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Training Protocol

Fast-start acceleration performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was measured after 9 weeks of sprint training (30°s duration, every 2nd day). Response latency and time required to complete the first two stages of a fast start were unaffected by the sprint-training protocol. Maximum acceleration (trained 1985 ± 176 (SE) cm/s2; control 1826 ± 144 cm/s2) and maximum velocity (trained 130 ± 7 cm/s; control 134 ± 14 cm/s) were also not significantly different following training. However, trained fish reached high rates of acceleration before control (untrained) fish. Thus, acceleration was higher in trained fish from 20 to 35 ms postshock. When fish are separated by start type, trained fish consistently had greater acceleration than control fish between 30 and 45 ms postshock. Alterations in fast-start performance due to sprint training may improve predator avoidance ability. Sprint training did not change critical swimming speed as measured using two separate protocols.

Increased Toxicity of Ammonia to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Resulting from Reduced Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert V. Thurston ◽  
Glenn R. Phillips ◽  
Rosemarie C. Russo ◽  
Susan M. Hinkins
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Flow Through

The median lethal concentration (LC50) of aqueous ammonia at reduced dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations was tested in acute toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings. Fifteen 96-h flow-through tests were conducted over the D.O. range 2.6–8.6 mg/L, the former concentration being the lowest at which control fish survived. There was a positive linear correlation between LC50 (milligrams per litre un-ionized ammonia) and D.O. over the entire D.O. range tested; ammonia toxicity increased as D.O. decreased. Ammonia LC50 values were also computed for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h; the correlation with D.O. was greater the shorter the time period.Key words: ammonia toxicity, dissolved oxygen, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

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