Long-Term Effects of Lead Exposure on Three Generations of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1731-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Holcombe ◽  
D. A. Benoit ◽  
E. N. Leonard ◽  
J. M. McKim
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Exposure of three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to mean total lead concentrations (0.9–474 μg/liter) showed that all second-generation trout exposed to 235 and 474 μg Pb/liter and 34% of those exposed to 119 μg Pb/liter developed severe spinal deformities (scoliosis). Scoliosis also appeared in 21% of the newly hatched third-generation alevins exposed to 119 μg Pb/liter, and weights of these fish 12 wk after hatch were significantly reduced. Gill, liver, and kidney tissues of first- and second-generation brook trout accumulated the greatest amount of lead. Only small amounts accumulated in the edible muscle. An equilibrium of lead residues was reached in liver and kidney tissue from second-generation fish after 70 wk of exposure, but not in gill tissue. Fish exposed to 119 μg Pb/liter and then placed in uncontaminated control water for 12 wk showed a 70, 78, and 74% loss in micrograms Pb per gram for gill, liver, and kidney tissue, respectively, and a 39, 56, and 35% loss, respectively, in the total micrograms of Pb in the whole tissue. Residue analysis of eggs, alevins, and juveniles showed that lead was accumulated during these life stages. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout in water with a hardness of 44 mg/liter (as CaCO3) and a pH of 6.8–7.6 lies between 58 and 119 μg/liter for total lead and between 39 and 84 μg/liter for dissolved lead. The MATC was based on the development of scoliosis in second- and third-generation fish and the reduced growth of 12-wk-old third-generation trout. The 96-h LC50 for brook trout was 4100 μg/liter based on total lead and 3362 μg/liter based on dissolved lead; therefore, the application factor (MATC/96-h LC50) lies between 0.012 and 0.029 for both total and dissolved lead.

Long-Term Effects of Methylmercuric Chloride on Three Generations of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): Toxicity, Accumulation, Distribution, and Elimination

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2726-2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McKim ◽  
G. F. Olson ◽  
G. W. Holcombe ◽  
E. P. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Methylmercuric Chloride ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Concentration Factors ◽  
First And Second Generation

During a 144-wk period three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were continuously exposed to mean water concentrations of methylmercuric chloride (MMC) of 2.93, 0.93, 0.29, 0.09, 0.03, and <0.010 (control) μg Hg/liter. During the first 39 wk the highest concentration (2.93 μg Hg/liter) produced deformities and 88% mortality of first-generation adults. At an MMC concentration of 0.93 μg Hg/liter, second-generation trout developed deformities and all but one female died during the 108-wk exposure. No significant effects on survival, growth, or reproduction of second-generation trout were noted at any of the lower MMC concentrations. No toxic symptoms were observed in the third generation at the three lowest MMC concentrations. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout exposed to MMC in this water with a hardness of 45 mg/liter (as CaCO3) and a pH of 7.5 fell between 0.93 and 0.29 μg Hg/liter. The mean 96-h LC50 for yearling (200 g) and 20-wk-old (12 g) juvenile brook trout exposed to MMC was 75.0 μg Hg/liter, and the application factor (MATC/96-h LC50) lies between 0.004 and 0.013. The accumulation rate of mercury by eight selected tissues of first-generation trout exposed to MMC was relatively rapid at all MMC concentrations tested. The 2-wk tissue Hg: water Hg concentration factors ranged from 1 × 103 to 12 × 103, depending on the tissue, whereas after 28–38 wk of exposure the maximum tissue Hg: water Hg concentration factors for both first- and second-generation trout ranged from 6.9 × 103 to 6.3 × 104. The blood, spleen, and kidney accumulated mercury most rapidly and contained the highest residues in both first- and second-generation trout followed by liver, gill, brain, gonad, and muscle in order of decreasing mercury residues. There was no significant elimination of mercury from the tissue of first- or second-generation fish, yet a "steady state" (micrograms mercury per gram = constant) was reached in all tissues after 20–28 wk of continuous water exposure. Monomethylmercury made up 90–95% of the total mercury present in muscle, the only tissue analyzed for this compound. Mean muscle residues in first-generation trout, dying after 16–28 wk of exposure to 2.93 μg Hg/liter and in second-generation trout, dying after 64–100 wk of exposure to 0.93 μg Hg/liter, were 23.5 and 9.5 μg Hg/g, respectively.

Long-Term Effects of Large Woody Debris Addition on Stream Habitat and Brook Trout Populations

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Sweka ◽  
Kyle J. Hartman ◽  
Jonathan M. Niles
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Stream Habitat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Habitat Manipulation ◽  
Central Appalachians

Abstract In this study, we resurveyed stream habitat and sampled brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations 6 y after large woody debris additions to determine long-term changes in habitat and brook trout populations. In a previous study, we added large woody debris to eight streams in the central Appalachians of West Virginia to determine whether stream habitat could be enhanced and brook trout populations increased following habitat manipulation. The large woody debris additions had no overall effect on stream habitat and brook trout populations by 6 y after the additions. The assumption that a lack of large woody debris is limiting stream habitat and brook trout populations was not supported by our results. In high-gradient streams, habitat complexity may be governed more by the abundance of boulders and large woody debris may have a lesser influence on trout populations.

scholarly journals Captan Toxicity to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1811-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger O. Hermanutz ◽  
Leonard H. Mueller ◽  
Kenneth D. Kempfert
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The toxic effects of captan on survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and on survival of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were determined in a flow-through system. In a 45-week exposure of fathead minnows, survival and growth were adversely affected at 39.5 μg/liter. Adverse effects on spawning were suspected but not statistically demonstrated at 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), based on survival and growth, lies between 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The lethal threshold concentration (LTC) derived from acute exposures was 64 μg/liter, resulting in an application factor (MATC/LTC) between 0.26 and 0.62. LTC values for the bluegill and brook trout were 72 and 29 μg/liter, respectively. The estimated MATC is between 44.6 and 18.7 μg/liter for the bluegill and between 18.0 and 7.5 μg/liter for the brook trout.The half-life of captan in Lake Superior water with a pH of 7.6 is about 7 hr at 12 C and about 1 hr at 25 C. Breakdown products from an initial 550 μg/liter of captan were not lethal to 3-month-old fathead minnows.

Toxic Effects of Cadmium on Three Generations of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane A. Benoit ◽  
Edward N. Leonard ◽  
Glenn M. Christensen ◽  
James T. Fiandt
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Three Generations

Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus Occurrence at a Hatchery in Alberta

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

The presence of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus in brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) trout was identified and further investigated. A high incidence of virus was found by virological examination of kidney tissue from yearling and older trout. By comparison, brook trout had a much higher incidence of virus than rainbow trout.The virus was isolated most frequently from the kidneys of both species of trout. These findings indicate that the examinations of peritoneal washes and feces is not adequate for the detection of IPN carrier fish.

scholarly journals In Search for Canon of Singapore Malay Poetry: Reflection on Nature, Race, Religion and Love

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Hadijah Rahmat ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bilingual Education ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Early Attempt ◽  
The Third ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
British Colonial

This paper discusses selected poems by three generations of Malay writers in Singapore from the first generation poets who received their vernicular education during British colonial period, before Malayan Independence in 1957; to second generation writers who received Malay education when Singapore was part of Malaysia, 1957-1965 who established their poems in 1970s; and the third generation writers who received bilingual education who began to make impacts when Singapore become a Republic in 1980s. These iconic poems embody the easthetic as well as the cultural and political values of Malay society. It is an early attempt to define and search for canon of Singapore Malay poetry. Keywords: literature, canon, poetry, Singapore, culture, identity, values

scholarly journals Towards the fulfilment of three generations of rights: A theological contribution by Koos Vorster

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico N. Koopman
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Civic Virtue ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Civil And Political Rights

In this article the theological contribution of Koos Vorster to human rights discourses was discussed. It was shown how he focused upon all three generations rights, namely the first generation civil and political rights, second generation social, economic and cultural rights, and third generation developmental and ecological rights. He appreciates the importance of nurturing citizens and leaders of public and civic virtue and character for the implementation of rights and the creation of a human rights culture. He also gives special attention to the implementation  of  ecological  rights  and  therefore  discussed  various  forms  of  ecocide. Ultimately, Vorster stimulates systematic theological discourses on ecological rights by viewing the implementation of ecological rights as a theological matter. It had to do with the heart of Christian faith.Aangaande die vervulling van drie generasies van regte: ‘n Teologiese bydrae deur Koos Vorster. In hierdie artikel was die teologiese bydrae van Koos Vorster tot menseregte-diskoerse bespreek. Dit dui aan dat hy op al drie generasies van menseregte gefokus het, naamlik eerste generasie burgerlike en politieke regte, tweede generasie sosiale, ekonomiese en kulturele regte en derde generasie ontwikkelings- en ekologiese regte. Hy waardeer die belangrikheid van die vorming van burgers en leiers van burgerlike en openbare deug en karakter vir die implementering van regte en die bou van ‘n menseregtekultuur. Hy het spesiale aandag gegee aan die implementering van ekologiese regte en hy het  derhalwe die verskillende vorme van die vernietiging van die natuurlike omgewing bespreek. Hy stimuleer sistematies-teologiese denke oor ekologiese regte. Hy het die implementering van ekologiese beskou as ‘n  teologiese saak. Dit het met die hart van die Christelike geloof te make gehad.

A minichromosome carrying a pigmentation gene and brook trout DNA sequences in transgenic rainbow trout

Genome ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Peek ◽  
Paul A. Wheeler ◽  
Carl O. Ostberg ◽  
Gary H. Thorgaard
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Pigmentation Gene ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Repeat Dna

We describe the transmission of an introduced minichromosome of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) origin, carrying a pigmentation gene, through three generations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The minichromosome was originally introduced into gynogenetic albino rainbow trout using γ-irradiated brook trout sperm. In the third generation, the presence of the minichromosome was correlated with pigmentation. A brook trout specific interspersed repeat DNA sequence, Fok I, was also correlated with pigmentation in these individuals. This system, the first clearly documented example of induced chromosome mediated gene transfer at the organismal level, could have applications in studies of gene mapping, development, gene regulation, and chromosome function.Key words: gynogenesis, transgenic, trout, minichromosome, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Effects of Long-Term Exposures to Copper on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McKim ◽  
D. A. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

During a 22-month period, all developmental stages of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to copper (Cu(II)) concentrations ranging from 32.5 to 1.9 μg/liter. The highest concentration decreased survival and growth in adult fish and reduced both number of viable eggs produced and hatchability. Survival, growth, and reproductive success of adults in copper concentrations from 17.4 to 3.4 μg/liter did not differ from the control (1.9 μg/liter). Concentrations of 32.5 and 17.4 μg/liter had marked adverse effects on survival and growth of alevins and juvenile fish. Effects of copper on alevins–juveniles from unexposed parents apparently are no different than the effects on alevins–juveniles from parents exposed to copper. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout exposed to copper in water with a hardness of 45 mg/liter (as CaCO3) and a pH of 7.5 fell between 17.4 and 9.5 μg/liter copper. The mean 96-hr TL50 for 14-month-old brook trout exposed to copper was 100 μg/liter, and the application factor, MATC/96-hr TL50, lies between 0.17 and 0.10.

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