Effects of Long-Term Exposures to Copper on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McKim ◽  
D. A. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

During a 22-month period, all developmental stages of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to copper (Cu(II)) concentrations ranging from 32.5 to 1.9 μg/liter. The highest concentration decreased survival and growth in adult fish and reduced both number of viable eggs produced and hatchability. Survival, growth, and reproductive success of adults in copper concentrations from 17.4 to 3.4 μg/liter did not differ from the control (1.9 μg/liter). Concentrations of 32.5 and 17.4 μg/liter had marked adverse effects on survival and growth of alevins and juvenile fish. Effects of copper on alevins–juveniles from unexposed parents apparently are no different than the effects on alevins–juveniles from parents exposed to copper. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout exposed to copper in water with a hardness of 45 mg/liter (as CaCO3) and a pH of 7.5 fell between 17.4 and 9.5 μg/liter copper. The mean 96-hr TL50 for 14-month-old brook trout exposed to copper was 100 μg/liter, and the application factor, MATC/96-hr TL50, lies between 0.17 and 0.10.

scholarly journals Captan Toxicity to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1811-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger O. Hermanutz ◽  
Leonard H. Mueller ◽  
Kenneth D. Kempfert
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The toxic effects of captan on survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and on survival of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were determined in a flow-through system. In a 45-week exposure of fathead minnows, survival and growth were adversely affected at 39.5 μg/liter. Adverse effects on spawning were suspected but not statistically demonstrated at 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), based on survival and growth, lies between 39.5 and 16.5 μg/liter. The lethal threshold concentration (LTC) derived from acute exposures was 64 μg/liter, resulting in an application factor (MATC/LTC) between 0.26 and 0.62. LTC values for the bluegill and brook trout were 72 and 29 μg/liter, respectively. The estimated MATC is between 44.6 and 18.7 μg/liter for the bluegill and between 18.0 and 7.5 μg/liter for the brook trout.The half-life of captan in Lake Superior water with a pH of 7.6 is about 7 hr at 12 C and about 1 hr at 25 C. Breakdown products from an initial 550 μg/liter of captan were not lethal to 3-month-old fathead minnows.

Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Acidf Aluminum, and Low Calcium on Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontimlis). 2. Vitellogenesss and Osmoregulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Mount ◽  
J. R. Hockett ◽  
W. A. Gern
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Plasma Estradiol ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
All Treatment

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for 193 d (previtellogenesis to spawning) to six combinations of acid, Al, and low Ca. Survival and growth were reduced by low pH combined with low Ca concentrations. After 41 d of exposure, fish in ail low pH exposures showed depressed plasma osmolality and Na concentrations, but by day 97 this apparent osmoregulatory stress was compensated for in all but the most severe treatment (pH 4.97, 47 μg inorganic Al/L, 0.5 mg Ca/L). At the observed peak of yolking (day 147), fish exposed to this treatment also had mean concentrations of plasma estradiol, vitellogenin, and Ca of only half control values. Fecundity (eggs per female) was significantly reduced as well, but this reduction was due in part to decreased growth. Despite these abnormalities in ionoregulatory and reproductive physiology, fish in all treatment conditions produced mature eggs. Among fish in stressful conditions, individual variation in growth and physiological parameters appeared to be correlated with osmoregulatory status. We hypothesize that the suite of physiological disturbances observed are linked to osmoregulatory impairment.

Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Acid, Aluminum, and Low Calcium on Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 1. Survival, Growth, Fecundity, and Progeny Survival

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1623-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Mount ◽  
C. G. Ingersoll ◽  
D. D. Gulley ◽  
J. D. Fernandez ◽  
T. W. LaPoint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Parental Exposure ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Survival And Growth

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to concentrations of acid, Al, and Ca representative of acidic and acid-sensitive surface waters. At low pH (4.42–5.03), survival and growth were reduced by elevated Al concentrations (486 μg/L) and low Ca concentrations (0.5 mg/L). Fecundity (number of eggs per female) was reduced by exposure to some treatment combinations, but this effect was mediated through reduced growth; number of eggs per unit body weight was not related to treatment. Viability of eggs from ail parental exposures was high when incubated in neutral water. In spite of this high viability, eggs from parents exposed to low Ca concentrations showed greater mortality when incubated in the parental exposure conditions than did eggs from unexposed parents. Although the potential for such "carryover effects" cannot be discounted, we conclude that impairment of egg production is not a likely mechanism for loss of brook trout populations from acidic surface waters.

Performance of Indigenous, Exotic, and Hybrid Strains of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Waters of the Adirondack Mountains, New York

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1701-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight A. Webster ◽  
William A. Flick
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Wild Trout

Eleven year-classes of wild, domestic, and wild × domestic hybrid strains of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were stocked in a 0.19-ha Adirondack pond. Comparative survival and growth were assessed upon drainage in early fall. Rearing native wild strains to maturity in a hatchery, or domestic strains in a natural environment, did not consistently or materially affect survival of progeny, suggesting that superior performance of wild strains was largely inherent. Interstrain hybrids of wild × domestic showed survivals equivalent to the wild parents, but hybrids of two Canadian strains gave evidence of heterosis in both survival and net yield. Supplementary observations in other waters also indicated that one strain (Assinica) may be less adaptable to Adirondack conditions than the other (Temiscamie).Key words: brook trout, wild trout, domesticated trout, interstrain hybrid trout, survival, growth, heterosis, hybrid vigor

Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Carbaryl (Sevin) on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

When fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to five concentrations (0.008–0.68 mg/liter) of the insecticide carbaryl for 9 months and throughout a life cycle, the highest concentration prevented reproduction and decreased survival. At the high concentration, testes contained motile sperm and ovaries were in a flaccid condition and appeared to be in a resorptive state. At the 0.68 mg/liter concentration, carbaryl appeared to contribute to mortality of larvae (produced by unexposed parents) within 30 days of hatching. Survival of young grown in the 0.008 mg/liter concentration was reduced. Since no demonstrable effects were noted for survival, growth, or reproduction at the 0.017, 0.062, and 0.21 mg/liter concentrations, this low survival value is considered not due to carbaryl. The 96-hr median tolerance concentration (TL 50) and the lethal threshold concentration (LTC) for 2-month-old fathead minnows were 9.0 mg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for fathead minnows exposed to carbaryl in water with a hardness of 45.2 mg/liter and a pH of 7.5 lies between 0.21 and 0.68 mg/liter. The application factors (MATC/96-hr TL50 and MATC/LTC) both lie between 0.023 and 0.075.

Long-Term Effects of Large Woody Debris Addition on Stream Habitat and Brook Trout Populations

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Sweka ◽  
Kyle J. Hartman ◽  
Jonathan M. Niles
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Stream Habitat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Habitat Manipulation ◽  
Central Appalachians

Abstract In this study, we resurveyed stream habitat and sampled brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations 6 y after large woody debris additions to determine long-term changes in habitat and brook trout populations. In a previous study, we added large woody debris to eight streams in the central Appalachians of West Virginia to determine whether stream habitat could be enhanced and brook trout populations increased following habitat manipulation. The large woody debris additions had no overall effect on stream habitat and brook trout populations by 6 y after the additions. The assumption that a lack of large woody debris is limiting stream habitat and brook trout populations was not supported by our results. In high-gradient streams, habitat complexity may be governed more by the abundance of boulders and large woody debris may have a lesser influence on trout populations.

Chronic Effects of Reduced pH on Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Menendez
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Chronic Effects

During an 11-mo period all developmental stages of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were continuously exposed to pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and the control 7.1. The number of viable eggs was reduced significantly at pH 5.0 and to a lesser extent at the higher pH levels. Embryo hatchability was significantly less at all pH levels below 6.5. Growth and survival of alevins was reduced at the lower pH levels. These data indicate that continual exposure to pH values below 6.5 will result in significant reductions in egg hatchability and growth.

Temporal and spatial variation in the energy intake of a brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) population in an Appalachian watershed

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2675-2686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M Utz ◽  
Kyle J Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Very High

Stream-dwelling salmonids in eastern North America are often restricted to headwater watersheds, where productivity is low and thus feeding conditions are poor. We sought to quantify how energy intake varies with spatial and temporal variation by monitoring feeding rates in multiple sites over the course of two years. Daily rations were calculated for 939 fish by examining stomach contents. Maintenance rations were compared with daily rations using a bioenergetics model. Consumption peaked in spring, dropped substantially in summer, and remained low until the following spring. A minority of fish fed at very high levels during all seasons, elevating the mean consumption of the population. Fish occupying large sites with low trout densities consistently consumed more energy than fish in smaller streams with high trout densities. A direct relationship between trout density and mean consumption was observed during summer, when feeding conditions were poorest. Our findings suggest that within a headwater watershed, larger reaches of streams where fewer trout are found act as important feeding areas and thus may be important habitat for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).

Comparative Survival and Growth of Planted Wild, Hybrid, and Domestic Strains of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Ontario Lakes

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1672-1684 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Catostomus Commersoni ◽  
Precambrian Shield ◽  
Wild Hybrid ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
Competitive Species ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Shield Lakes

Matched plantings of domestic strain and interstrain hybrid (or wild strain) brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were made annually in nine small Precambrian Shield lakes during 1973–77. Recoveries of planted fish were made by gillnetting and/or angling during 1974–80. In six study lakes, hybrids (and wild strains) were recovered at rates two to four times greater than the domestic strain; in three lakes recoveries were similar. Most domestic strain trout were caught in the year following planting whereas recoveries of hybrids and wild strains were spread over 3–4 yr. Each kilogram of hybrid (or wild) planted yielded 5.6 kg (1.2–12.3); each kilogram of domestic strain planted yielded 0.8 kg (0.2–2.1). Lakes containing only minnows and sticklebacks yielded the highest returns of brook trout; lakes containing competitive species yielded low returns. Rapid growth of brook trout occurred in lakes containing only minnows and sticklebacks; slowest growth was noted in lakes supporting white suckers (Catostomus commersoni). Domestic strain brook trout and the matched hybrid grew at approximately the same rate within a lake and in seven of the nine lakes ate the same food. The performance of the Nipigon × domestic hybrid qualifies it for consideration as a replacement for the domestic brook trout presently planted in Ontario lakes.Key words: planting, brook trout, trout strain, hybrid, Precambrian Shield, survival, stock

Long-Term Effects of Lead Exposure on Three Generations of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1731-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Holcombe ◽  
D. A. Benoit ◽  
E. N. Leonard ◽  
J. M. McKim
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Exposure of three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to mean total lead concentrations (0.9–474 μg/liter) showed that all second-generation trout exposed to 235 and 474 μg Pb/liter and 34% of those exposed to 119 μg Pb/liter developed severe spinal deformities (scoliosis). Scoliosis also appeared in 21% of the newly hatched third-generation alevins exposed to 119 μg Pb/liter, and weights of these fish 12 wk after hatch were significantly reduced. Gill, liver, and kidney tissues of first- and second-generation brook trout accumulated the greatest amount of lead. Only small amounts accumulated in the edible muscle. An equilibrium of lead residues was reached in liver and kidney tissue from second-generation fish after 70 wk of exposure, but not in gill tissue. Fish exposed to 119 μg Pb/liter and then placed in uncontaminated control water for 12 wk showed a 70, 78, and 74% loss in micrograms Pb per gram for gill, liver, and kidney tissue, respectively, and a 39, 56, and 35% loss, respectively, in the total micrograms of Pb in the whole tissue. Residue analysis of eggs, alevins, and juveniles showed that lead was accumulated during these life stages. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout in water with a hardness of 44 mg/liter (as CaCO3) and a pH of 6.8–7.6 lies between 58 and 119 μg/liter for total lead and between 39 and 84 μg/liter for dissolved lead. The MATC was based on the development of scoliosis in second- and third-generation fish and the reduced growth of 12-wk-old third-generation trout. The 96-h LC50 for brook trout was 4100 μg/liter based on total lead and 3362 μg/liter based on dissolved lead; therefore, the application factor (MATC/96-h LC50) lies between 0.012 and 0.029 for both total and dissolved lead.

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