Effect of Growth Rate and Size of Fish on Rate of Intoxication by Waterfoorne Lead

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1243-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
D. George Dixon ◽  
Douglas J. Spry ◽  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
John B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout

Three experiments were undertaken to test the null hypotheses that increasing fish size and growth rate do not increase the rate of intoxication of fish by lead. The first experiment demonstrated that there were no significant correlations between weight of fish and either whole-body or blood lead concentrations in feral lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). The whole-body lead concentration of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) was, however, negatively correlated to wet weight.During the second experiment, an 8-d laboratory exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to 100 μg/L of total waterborne lead caused a greater uptake of lead by opercular bone in small fish than in larger fish. No relationship was apparent between fish weight and uptake of lead by blood.Chronic exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to lead results in the development of black tails, a symptom of neurotoxicity. The final experiment related the incidence and prevalence of black tails to size and growth rate (ration level) of juvenile rainbow trout chronically exposed to 543 μg/L of total waterborne lead starting with the sac-fry stage. At weights below a common threshold size of 1.5–2.5 g, no black tails occurred; above this threshold the incidence of black tails was a function of growth rate, i.e. the rate at which fish reached the threshold size. The prevalence of black tails was always less in slowly growing fish.These experiments demonstrated that the rate of intoxication by lead, as indicated by uptake rates into tissues and the incidence and prevalence of a symptom of neurotoxicity, did not increase with fish size, but rather with growth rate.Key words: fish, toxicity, lead, fish size, growth rate, neurotoxicity, uptake

Differences in Swimming Performance Among Strains of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan E. Thomas ◽  
Michael J. Donahoo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Performance Profiles

Swimming performance profiles, relating fish size to swimming time, were established for three strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). No differences were found in slope of regressions; only in level at each size of fish. Swimming performances of New Zealand and Sand Creek strains did not differ, but were superior to the Manchester strain. In stamina results from 189-day-old fish from individual matings of seven strains and various crosses, similar strains and crosses had closely matching profiles whereas profiles of unrelated groups were variable. Comparison of slowest, average, and fastest growing fish within the New Zealand strain showed that swimming ability was not related to growth rate.

Changes in Elemental Composition of Hatchery-Reared Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, Associated with Growth and Reproduction

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1592-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl D. Shearer
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Weight Concentration

By examining a group of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) over their life cycle (ova to 1500 g), 1 found that their elemental composition was determined by fish size, stage of life cycle (prefeeding, juvenile, post-juvenile), and reproductive state. Fish were fed practical diets and were reared under hatchery conditions. Whole body elemental concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, and Zn were size dependent prior to sexual maturity. Rates of elemental accumulation in relation to weight gain were higher in juveniles than in adult fish. Reduced somatic concentrations of Mn, Fe, and Zn were observed during gonad maturation in female but not in male trout. Tissue concentrations of some elements remained constant over the duration of the study, while others increased or decreased linearly with increasing fish size. Tables and equations 1 present will enable the normal tissue and whole body elemental composition of rainbow trout at any size to be determined. My results indicate that body burden or wet weight concentration are better indicators of elemental status than dry weight concentration and that comparison of elemental levels between treatment groups in dietary experiments should be made on the basis of a standard-sized fish or by comparing the rates of elemental deposition with growth.

Risk to Salmonids of Water Quality in the Turkey Lakes Watershed as Determined by Bioassay

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (S1) ◽  
pp. s127-s135 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kwain ◽  
J. R. M. Kelso
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Turkey Lakes Watershed

Batchawana Lake, the headwater lake in the Turkey Lakes Watershed, was devoid offish. Although a number of factors could cause this fishless state, we conducted in situ studies to partially address conditions related to lake acidification. The spring pH depression did not induce significant, consistent mortality to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) or lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) caged in situ. In 1981, however, considerable mortality occurred to fish caged in Batchawana Lake during or immediately following the maximum spring pH depression. In the remaining lakes, mortality occurred later in the exposure period. Whole-body concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in rainbow trout caged (1980) in three lakes of the watershed were similar; however, K+ appeared slightly higher (but not statistically different) in fish held in the headwater lake. Static bioassays indicated that the 96-h pH-LC50 for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was 3.80–4.09, considerably lower than the lowest pH, 4.66, observed during spring. Brook trout corralled in Batchawana Lake grew slightly faster and accumulated more Pb and Hg than fish held in a downstream lake. Although pH and trace metal levels in Batchawana Lake may at times be inhospitable to fish, other factors likely contributed to the fishless condition of this lake.

Cyclical growth in juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2473-2474 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Wagner ◽  
B. A. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cyclical Growth

The growth rate (weight) of 70 juvenile rainbow trout, monitored on a weekly basis for a period of 4 months, was observed to cycle, with alternating phases of accelerated and reduced growth every 3 to 4 weeks. The significance of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to recent studies on growth physiology in rats.

THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND GENOTYPE ON THE GROWTH RATE OF HATCHERY-REARED SALMONIDS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. SADLER ◽  
G. W. FRIARS ◽  
P. E. IHSSEN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Growth rates of three salmonid species, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), lake trout (S. namaycush), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and one hybrid, splake (S. namaycush × S. fontinalis) were compared at 10 and 16 °C. Two strains of each species, and one of the splake hybrid were examined. At 10 °C the ranking of specific growth rate from highest to lowest for species was: rainbow trout, lake trout, splake, brook trout. At 16 °C the order was: brook trout, rainbow trout, splake, and lake trout. Brook trout, rainbow trout and splake had significantly higher specific growth rates at 16 °C but lake trout showed no difference at the two temperatures. Strain differences were significant in lake trout and rainbow trout, but not in brook trout. Rainbow trout showed a significant strain by temperature interaction. The ranking of feed conversion efficiencies from best to poorest was: lake trout, 10 °C; splake, 10 °C; brook trout, 16 °C; splake, 16 °C; rainbow trout, 16 °C; rainbow trout, 10 °C; lake trout, 16 °C; brook trout, 10 °C. Key words: Temperature, genetics, growth, salmonids, aquaculture

Occurrence of the eyefluke, Diplostomum (Diplostomum) baeri bucculentum Dubois et Rausch, 1948, in salmonid fishes of northern British Columbia

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Lei Ching
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Dolly Varden Salvelinus Malma ◽  
Prosopium Williamsoni

As a result of experimental infections in chicks, diplostomula found in the retina of chinook salmon from the Nechako River were identified as Diplostomum (Diplostomum) baeri bucculentum. Eyeflukes in other salmonids were considered to be the same species based on similar measurements and site in the eyes. These eyeflukes varied in prevalence and mean intensity in seven salmonid species surveyed in nine localities in 1979–1981. The following fish were sampled: rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), 505; mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), 334; lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), 32; Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma), 66; lake trout (S. namaycush), 13; kokanee or sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), 323; and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), 164. Eyeflukes had prevalences ranging from 84 to 100% in six lakes, 64% in the river, 53% in one reservoir site, and a prevalence of 15% in the other reservoir site. Mountain and lake whitefishes had high mean intensities while kokanee had low mean intensities. Correlation of increased intensity with increased fish size was significant for 6 of 27 samples. Four samples of lake whitefish, mountain whitefish, rainbow trout, and chinook salmon showed significant asymmetry when numbers of diplostomula were compared between eyes. More of the heavily infected fish showed asymmetry than did the lightly infected fish.

scholarly journals Adaptational Responses of Rainbow Trout to Lowered External Nacl Concentration: Contribution of the Branchial Chloride Cell

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVE F. PERRY ◽  
PIERRE LAURENT
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Ionic Fluxes ◽  
Area 5

1. Whole-body ionic fluxes and gill chloride cell (CC) morphology were monitored in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed acutely or chronically to natural fresh water (NFW; [Na+]=0.120 mmoll−1; [Cr]=0.164 mmoll−1) or artificially prepared fresh water with reduced [NaCl] (AFW; [Na+]=0.017 mmoll−1; [CT]=0.014 mmoll−1). 2. Net fluxes of Na+ (JnetNa) and Cl− (JnetCl) became extremely negative (indicating net NaCl loss to the environment) upon immediate exposure to AFW exclusively as a result of reduced NaCl influx (JinNa and JinNa). JnetNa and JnetCl were gradually restored to control rates during prolonged (30 days) exposure to AFW. 3. The restoration of JnetCl in AFW was due both to increased JinCl and to reduced Cl− efflux (JoutCl) whereas the primary response contributing to the restoration of JnetNa a t was an increase of JNain. 4. The total apical surface area of branchial CCs exposed to the external environment increased markedly after 24 h in AFW and remained elevated for 1 month as a consequence of enlargement of individual CCs and, to a lesser extent, increased CC density. JinNa and JinNa were correlated significantly with total CC apical surface area. 5. Plasma cortisol levels rose transiently in fish exposed to AFW. Treatment of NFW-adapted fish with cortisol for 10 days (a protocol known to cause CC proliferation) caused pronounced increases in JinCl and JinNa, as measured in both NFW and AFW. 6. These results suggest that an important adaptational response of rainbow trout to low environmental [NaCl] is cortisol-mediated enlargement of branchial epithelial CCs which, in turn, enhances the NaCl-transporting capacity of the gill as a result of the proliferation of Na+ and Cl− transport sites.

Assessment of the Acute Toxicity, Growth Impairment, and Flesh Tainting Potential of a Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
K. W. Flood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill

Static and continuous-flow bioassays utilizing juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were conducted on a northern Ontario bleached kraft mill effluent to assess the range of acute toxicity and related sublethal effects. The acute toxicity of the total mill effluent, as determined by static bioassay procedures, ranged from a 96-h LC50 value of 14–49.0% vol/vol. The results of these bioassays depended on testing methodology and effluent treatment systems employed by the mill when samples were collected. Continuous-flow bioassays conducted on the effluent Produced 96-h LC50 values of 21.8 and 24.8% vol/vol. Growth rate of juvenile rainbow trout (1–2 g) held under continuous-flow conditions for 18 days was significantly reduced at 6% vol/vol effluent concentration (P < 0.05). Flavor of yearling rainbow trout [Formula: see text] exposed to 3% effluent for 48 h was significantly impaired (P < 0.05). This effluent concentration, the lowest level impairing flavor represents approximately 0.12 of the 96-h LC50 derived from continuous-flow bioassays. No significant flavor impairment was detected in fish exposed for 144 h to a 2% effluent concentration Flavor impairment at a 3% vol/vol effluent concentration, the most sensitive sublethal response measured in this study, may also be the most critical response when assessing the economic impact of a kraft mill discharge to a freshwater ecosystem.

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