Effect of Dietary Calcium Phosphate and Zinc Supplementation on Whole Body Zinc Concentration of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Hardy ◽  
Karl D. Shearer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Zinc Concentrations

Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed casein–gelatin diets supplemented with calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) to produce dietary calcium and phosphorus levels of 1,2, or 4% and 0.9,1.5, or 2.4%, respectively (low, medium, or high calcium phosphate), and supplemented with 20 μg Zn/g diet as ZnSO4, zinc proteinate, or ZnSO4 + EDTA (1000 μg/g). Dietary calcium phosphate levels had no significant effect on weight gain of the fish, although the fish fed the high dietary calcium phosphate level were smaller than the rest. Dietary zinc supplementation had no effect on growth, but significantly increased whole body zinc levels in fish fed diets containing low or medium calcium phosphate. In fish fed diets containing low calcium phosphate, the zinc supplements all increased whole body zinc concentrations. In fish fed diets containing medium calcium phosphate, supplementation with zinc proteinate resulted in higher whole body zinc values than supplementation with other zinc sources. Dietary zinc supplementation did not increase whole body zinc concentrations above control levels in fish fed the experimental diets containing high calcium phosphate. We conclude that increased dietary levels of calcium phosphate reduced whole body zinc concentration of rainbow trout and that 20 μg Zn/g diet was insufficient to overcome this reduction at the highest dietary calcium phosphate level regardless of the form of zinc supplement used.

Relative Contributions of Dietary and Waterborne Zinc in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Spry ◽  
P. V. Hodson ◽  
C. M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Waterborne Zinc

Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were fed purified diets with zinc concentrations ranging from deficient to excessive (1, 90, 590 μg Zn∙g−1) and simultaneously exposed to a range of waterborne [Zn] (7, 39, 148, 529 μg Zn∙L−1). After 1 wk, fish fed the deficient diet, at ambient waterborne [Zn], had low plasma [Zn] which decreased further during the 16-wk experiment. Growth ceased after 12 wk; hematocrit and plasma protein were depressed. Both whole body [Zn] and body burden decreased by 16 wk, but most other elements were elevated. Increasing waterborne [Zn] alone increased plasma [Zn], whole body [Zn], and growth in a graded manner and normalized hematocrit, plasma protein, and other whole body elements. Increasing dietary [Zn] to 90 μg Zn∙g−1 at ambient waterborne [Zn] prevented depression of plasma [Zn] and permitted normal growth and whole body [Zn]. Zinc uptake from water, probably across the gills, was independent of uptake from the diet since at any dietary [Zn], increasing the waterborne [Zn] resulted in increased whole body [Zn]. Even when dietary [Zn] was adequate, the waterborne contribution was as high as 57%, and 100% when the dietary [Zn] was deficient. There were no toxic effects on any of the variables measured.

Use of Serum Zinc Concentration as an Indicator of Population Zinc Status

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (3_suppl3) ◽  
pp. S403-S429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Y. Hess ◽  
Janet M. Peerson ◽  
Janet C. King ◽  
Kenneth H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Zinc Status ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Serum Zinc Concentration ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Intervention Trials

Assessing the prevalence and severity of zinc deficiency in populations is critical to determine the need for and appropriate targeting of zinc intervention programs and to assess their effectiveness for improving the health and well-being of high-risk populations. However, there is very little information on the zinc status of populations worldwide due to the lack of consensus on appropriate biochemical indicators of zinc status. The objective of this review was to evaluate the use of serum zinc concentration as an indicator of population zinc status. We have reviewed the response of serum zinc concentration to dietary zinc restriction and zinc supplementation. In addition, we completed pooled analyses of nine zinc intervention trials in young children to assess the relations between serum zinc concentration of individuals before treatment and their responses to zinc supplementation. Also, in updated combined analyses of previously published data, we investigated the relation between the mean initial serum zinc concentration of a study population and their mean growth responses to zinc supplementation in randomized intervention trials among children. The results from depletion/repletion studies indicate that serum zinc concentrations respond appreciably to severe dietary zinc restriction, although there is considerable interindividual variation in these responses. There is also clear evidence that both individual and population mean serum zinc concentrations increase consistently during zinc supplementation, regardless of the initial level of serum zinc concentration. By contrast, an individual's serum zinc concentration does not reliably predict that person's response to zinc supplementation. Serum zinc concentration can be considered a useful biomarker of a population's risk of zinc deficiency and response to zinc interventions, although it may not be a reliable indicator of individual zinc status.

Influence of Dietary Zinc on Cataracts in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1979 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. George Ketola
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Dietary Zinc

scholarly journals Adaptational Responses of Rainbow Trout to Lowered External Nacl Concentration: Contribution of the Branchial Chloride Cell

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVE F. PERRY ◽  
PIERRE LAURENT
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Ionic Fluxes ◽  
Area 5

1. Whole-body ionic fluxes and gill chloride cell (CC) morphology were monitored in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed acutely or chronically to natural fresh water (NFW; [Na+]=0.120 mmoll−1; [Cr]=0.164 mmoll−1) or artificially prepared fresh water with reduced [NaCl] (AFW; [Na+]=0.017 mmoll−1; [CT]=0.014 mmoll−1). 2. Net fluxes of Na+ (JnetNa) and Cl− (JnetCl) became extremely negative (indicating net NaCl loss to the environment) upon immediate exposure to AFW exclusively as a result of reduced NaCl influx (JinNa and JinNa). JnetNa and JnetCl were gradually restored to control rates during prolonged (30 days) exposure to AFW. 3. The restoration of JnetCl in AFW was due both to increased JinCl and to reduced Cl− efflux (JoutCl) whereas the primary response contributing to the restoration of JnetNa a t was an increase of JNain. 4. The total apical surface area of branchial CCs exposed to the external environment increased markedly after 24 h in AFW and remained elevated for 1 month as a consequence of enlargement of individual CCs and, to a lesser extent, increased CC density. JinNa and JinNa were correlated significantly with total CC apical surface area. 5. Plasma cortisol levels rose transiently in fish exposed to AFW. Treatment of NFW-adapted fish with cortisol for 10 days (a protocol known to cause CC proliferation) caused pronounced increases in JinCl and JinNa, as measured in both NFW and AFW. 6. These results suggest that an important adaptational response of rainbow trout to low environmental [NaCl] is cortisol-mediated enlargement of branchial epithelial CCs which, in turn, enhances the NaCl-transporting capacity of the gill as a result of the proliferation of Na+ and Cl− transport sites.

Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout,Salmo gairdneri: Biochemistry

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Jon Laurén ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Copper Exposure ◽  
Copper Uptake ◽  
Liver Copper

Whole body, gill, and liver copper uptake, gill Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity, and gill and liver acid-soluble thiols (AST), glutathione, and cysteine of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were measured during 28 d of exposure to 55 μg copper∙L−1. Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity was inhibited by 33% within 24 h of copper exposure, but this was compensated by a significant increase in microsomal protein so that the total Na+-K+-ATPase activity per milligram of gill tissue returned to normal by day 14. There was no accumulation of copper and no increase in AST, glutathione, or cysteine in the gill. However, after 7 d of exposure, hepatic AST and glutathione had increased by about 2 times, and a sulfhydryl-rich, acid-soluble protein, tentatively identified as metallothionein, increased by 2.8 times. Copper accumulation was highest in the liver, but other tissues also accumulated copper.

Effects of dietary zinc intake upon copper metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Aquaculture ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Knox ◽  
Colin B. Cowey ◽  
John W. Adron
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Zinc Intake

scholarly journals Influence of Dietary Phosphorus and Zinc Levels on Whole Body Mineral, Liver Mineral, and Liver Vitamin-C Contents of Fingerling Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

1970 ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
MS Alam Sarker ◽  
Shuichi Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Zinc Levels ◽  
Liver Vitamin

A laboratory based 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary phosphorus and zinc levels on whole body mineral, liver mineral, and liver vitamin-C contents of fingerling rainbow trout for 21 weeks. Two levels of phosphorus (19 and 30 mg g-1) and two levels of zinc (55 and 100 μ g g-1) in the dry diets were tested. Duplicate tanks of 30 rainbow trout (average weight 1.56 ± 0.24 g) per 60L glass tank were fed experimental diets three times a day to satiation level in 15 to 24oC water temperature. The result of the present study demonstrated that dietary zinc supplementation significantly influenced the whole body zinc and liver copper contents in fingerling rainbow trout where as additional phosphorus did not show any significant difference. Zinc supplementation significantly influenced the liver vitamin-C contents of the fish. Hence it is clear that zinc supplementation is necessary in fingerling rainbow trout feed. Further studies in this area are needed broadly. Key words: Phosphorus, zinc, whole body, liver mineral, liver vitamin-C, rainbow trout DOI = 10.3329/jard.v5i1.1470 J Agric Rural Dev 5(1&2), 135-142, June 2007

scholarly journals A role of metallothionein in zinc regulation after oestradiol induction of vitellogenin synthesis in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
P E Olsson ◽  
M Zafarullah ◽  
L Gedamu
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Differential Pulse ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Differential Pulse Polarography ◽  
Pulse Polarography ◽  
Vitellogenin Synthesis ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Liver Somatic Index ◽  
Vitellogenin Mrna

The regulation of metallothionein (MT) biosynthesis in rainbow-trout liver was studied after a single intraperitoneal injection of oestradiol-17 beta. Sampling was performed after 2, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Following induction of vitellogenin synthesis in the liver, liver somatic index (LSI) rose from 1.25 to 2.00 in 14 days. Associated with the increase in LSI was an elevation of hepatic vitellogenin mRNA and zinc concentrations. The vitellogenin mRNA concentrations peaked at 7 days after treatment. The zinc concentrations increased to a peak at day 14. MT was analysed by using differential pulse polarography and a rainbow-trout MT RNA probe. The MT mRNA concentrations rose after 14 days and remained elevated at 21 and 28 days. The MT concentrations increased after 14 days and remained elevated throughout the experimental period. The concentrations of MT-bound zinc increased in association with the elevation in MT concentrations in the oestradiol-treated rainbow trout. These findings indicate that MT is involved in the regulation of zinc during the period of vitellogenin induction and that MT may function by maintaining the pool of available zinc at an appropriate concentration.

Influence of pH on the Acute Lethality of Fenitrothion, 2,4-D, and Aminocarb and Some pH-Altered Sublethal Effects of Aminocarb on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Doe ◽  
W. R. Ernst ◽  
W. R. Parker ◽  
G. R. J. Julien ◽  
P. A. Hennigar
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Control Range ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Brain Acetylcholinesterase

Three pesticides, fenitrothion, 2,4-D, and aminocarb, were tested in static 96-h acute lethal toxicity tests using fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at pH 4.6, 5.6, 6.9, and 8.5. The toxicity of aminocarb, a base, increased significantly with increasing pH. Conversely, the toxicity of the acidic pesticide 2,4-D increased with decreasing pH. The toxicity of the neutral pesticide fenitrothion did not change significantly with changing pH. Subsequent tests were performed on trout fingerlings with aminocarb to determine the effect of two exposure pH's on brain acetylcholinesterase activity and whole-body aminocarb residue. Brain acetylcholinesterase was found to be inversely proportional to whole-body aminocarb content of fish. In fish exposed at pH 4.6, brain acetylcholinesterase was maximally depressed at 6 h, after which it recovered to within the control range. Whole-body aminocarb concentrations rose to a maximum within 6 h and subsequently declined to low levels. In fish exposed at pH 8.2, brain acetylcholinesterase dropped below the control range by 1 h and remained low until all fish died by 72 h. A maximum whole-body aminocarb concentration was reached within 1 h and remained elevated until the fish died. Several explanations for the observed results are presented.

Effect of Growth Rate and Size of Fish on Rate of Intoxication by Waterfoorne Lead

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1243-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
D. George Dixon ◽  
Douglas J. Spry ◽  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
John B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout

Three experiments were undertaken to test the null hypotheses that increasing fish size and growth rate do not increase the rate of intoxication of fish by lead. The first experiment demonstrated that there were no significant correlations between weight of fish and either whole-body or blood lead concentrations in feral lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). The whole-body lead concentration of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) was, however, negatively correlated to wet weight.During the second experiment, an 8-d laboratory exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to 100 μg/L of total waterborne lead caused a greater uptake of lead by opercular bone in small fish than in larger fish. No relationship was apparent between fish weight and uptake of lead by blood.Chronic exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to lead results in the development of black tails, a symptom of neurotoxicity. The final experiment related the incidence and prevalence of black tails to size and growth rate (ration level) of juvenile rainbow trout chronically exposed to 543 μg/L of total waterborne lead starting with the sac-fry stage. At weights below a common threshold size of 1.5–2.5 g, no black tails occurred; above this threshold the incidence of black tails was a function of growth rate, i.e. the rate at which fish reached the threshold size. The prevalence of black tails was always less in slowly growing fish.These experiments demonstrated that the rate of intoxication by lead, as indicated by uptake rates into tissues and the incidence and prevalence of a symptom of neurotoxicity, did not increase with fish size, but rather with growth rate.Key words: fish, toxicity, lead, fish size, growth rate, neurotoxicity, uptake

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