Behavioral and Biochemical Studies of Onset and Recovery from Acid Stress in Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus)

The time course of acid stress was followed in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) exposed to pH 4.5 (HCl) for 2 wk and then returned to control conditions (pH 7.8). Behavioral parameters (activity, thigmotaxis, appetite, and attraction to a food extract) and blood parameters (hematocrit and plasma Cl−, Na+, osmolality, protein, cortisol, and glucose) were monitored. Reaction to the acid was evident in all parameters. Fish were initially hyperactive but became hypoactive with continued exposure. Thigmotaxis was generally greater in the acid-stressed fish than the controls. Feeding intensity and attraction to food extract were depressed throughout the exposure, but periods of partial recovery occurred. Hematocrit, protein, cortisol, and glucose increased, while osmolality, Cl−, and Na+ decreased in acid-exposed fish. Partial recovery occurred in some blood parameters during the latter part of the exposure. After return to control conditions, behavioral and blood parameters except cortisol recovered within 2 wk but might have recovered earlier if fish had not contracted a Saprolegnia infection. Extract attraction was negatively correlated with hematocrit, protein, cortisol, and glucose and positively correlated with plasma Cl. Activity was negatively correlated with plasma protein and glucose. Thigmotaxis was not correlated with any blood parameter.

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Behavioral Alterations in Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) Briefly Exposed to Sublethal Chlorine Levels

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f88-092 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 749-752 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Keith A. Jones ◽

Toshiaki J. Hara

Keyword(s):

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Locomotor Behavior ◽

Arctic Char ◽

Residual Chlorine ◽

Behavioral Alterations ◽

Food Extract ◽

Stress Behavior

Changes in the locomotor behavior of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) exposed inadvertently to sublethal chlorine concentrations (> 19μg total residual chlorine/L) for 6 d are described. Compared with their preexposure behavior, the char became hypoactive, much more strongly thigmotactic, and less responsive to a food extract during the exposure. After the high chlorine levels subsided, the char continued to be hypoactive for at least 1 wk and failed to respond positively to the food extract for 20 d. There is evidence that some individuals displayed chlorine stress behavior for at least 46 d after the return of nonstressful conditions.

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First confirmation of salmonid alphavirus infection in Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus and in Austria

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms ◽

10.3354/dao03265 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 130 (1) ◽

pp. 71-76

Author(s):

E Lewisch ◽

T Frank ◽

H Soliman ◽

O Schachner ◽

A Friedl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Arctic Char ◽

Alphavirus Infection

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Depth and temperature preference of anadromous Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus in the Kitikmeot Sea, a shallow and low-salinity area of the Canadian Arctic

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps13195 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 634 ◽

pp. 175-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

LN Harris ◽

DJ Yurkowski ◽

MJH Gilbert ◽

BGT Else ◽

PJ Duke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Canadian Arctic ◽

Arctic Char ◽

Temperature Preference ◽

Low Salinity

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Investigating the morphological and genetic divergence of arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus) populations in lakes of arctic Alaska

Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.1002/ece3.7211 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen L. Klobucar ◽

Jessica A. Rick ◽

Elizabeth G. Mandeville ◽

Catherine E. Wagner ◽

Phaedra Budy

Keyword(s):

Genetic Divergence ◽

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Arctic Char ◽

Arctic Alaska

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Influence of Parr Growth, Lake Morphology, and Freshwater Parasites on the Degree of Anadromy in Different Populations of Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) in Northern Norway

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f94-123 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 1229-1246 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Knut Kristoffersen ◽

Morten Halvorsen ◽

Lisbeth Jørgensen

Keyword(s):

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Relative Size ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Relative Volume ◽

Arctic Char ◽

Northern Norway ◽

Length Relationship ◽

Lake Morphology ◽

Different Populations ◽

Profundal Zone

Anadromy of nine lake populations of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in northern Norway was scored on the following criteria: prevalence of marine parasites, fish size, and size at maturity. In general, anadromy dominated in shallow lakes and residency dominated in deep lakes. The anadromy scores of the populations were significantly higher in lakes without a profundal zone compared with lakes with a profundal zone. There was also a significant negative correlation between the relative volume of the profundal zone (RPV) and the degree of anadromy and between RPV and mean parr length at ages 2+ and 3+. However, differences in parr growth could not explain all the observed variation in anadromy, and the correlation between mean parr length at ages 2+ and 3+ and the degree of anadromy in the different populations was not significant. In addition to the effect on parr growth, lake morphology seemed to influence the degree of anadromy through the relative size of different habitats, which in turn affects the number of available niches. The parr weight/length relationship and infection with the freshwater parasites Phyllodistomum umblae and Diphyllobothrium spp. did not affect the degree of anadromy.

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Respiratory development in Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus under conditions of normoxia and chronic hypoxia

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z77-189 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 1461-1467 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

D. G. McDonald ◽

B. R. McMahon

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Chronic Hypoxia ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Ventilation Rate ◽

Arctic Char ◽

Adult Fish ◽

Weighted Averages ◽

Secondary Lamellae

Changes in surface morphology of the gills, ventilation rate, and heart rate were examined in Arctic char larvae exposed to normoxia (pO2 = 121 ± 6 (SE) mmHg) or chronic hypoxia (pO2 = 33 ± 3.5 mmHg) for 47 days after hatching. A modified weighted-averages technique was developed to measure aspects of gill morphology.Early development of the gills was characterized by rapid increases in filament size and number, and the emergence and proliferation of secondary lamellae. Variations in the dimensions of the gills, as noted in adult fish, were particularly evident in the larval fish.Hypoxia caused increases in both ventilation rate and heart rate. Prolonged exposure led to a retardation of gill growth, particularly the proliferation of secondary lamellae. However, growth of individual lamellae was stimulated between 38 and 47 days.

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Annual Variations in Rheotactic Behaviour and Seawater Adaptability in Landlocked Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f92-052 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 448-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Monika Schmitz

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Changes ◽

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Challenge Test ◽

Early Summer ◽

Rapid Decrease ◽

Arctic Char ◽

Migratory Behaviour ◽

Annual Variations ◽

Seawater Tolerance ◽

Seawater Challenge

The existence of basic smoltification characteristics, measured by means of seasonal changes in rheotactic behaviour and seawater adaptability, was studied from February to November in 1- and 2-yr-old landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). Up- and downstream directed movements were monitored in an annular stream tank at a water velocity of 0.2 m/s. A 48-h seawater challenge test using 25‰ seawater was performed at monthly intervals throughout the year to assess seawater adaptability. The 1-yr-old char displayed mainly nondirectional behaviour during spring, but from August onwards the movements were predominantly against the current. Seawater performance improved slightly in this group in May and June. The 2-yr-old char progressively developed a downstream behaviour and exhibited an increased seawater adaptability during spring and early summer. In late August, a marked reversal in rheotactic behaviour occurred, followed by a rapid decrease in seawater tolerance. The results demonstrate that seasonal changes in seawater adaptability and changes in migratory behaviour which were directionally consistent with smolting still exist in a population of Arctic char that has been landlocked for about 6000 yr.

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Summer stream habitat preferences of Nunavik anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) fry and parr

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2021-0119 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Véronique Dubos ◽

André St-Hilaire ◽

Normand E Bergeron

Keyword(s):

Habitat Use ◽

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Habitat Preferences ◽

Arctic Region ◽

Arctic Char ◽

The Arctic ◽

Stream Habitat ◽

Physical Habitat ◽

High Plasticity ◽

Slow Velocity

Arctic char is a fish species known to occupy diverse habitats within the Arctic region. However, summer habitat use during the juvenile stage of the anadromous form is largely unknown. The present study aims to characterize fry and parr summer habitat preferences. Surveys were conducted by electrofishing, associated with physical habitat characterization on several rivers of the Ungava Bay, Nunavik, Canada. At the microhabitat and station scales, fry showed significant habitat preferences for shallow water and slow velocity. At the mesohabitat scale, fry showed a significant habitat selectivity for riffles. This habitat selectivity implies that habitat models can be built to evaluate the potential of habitat suitability for Arctic char fry. However, no significant habitat selectivity was found for parr. Parr size was nonetheless positively correlated with velocity, which was found to be a limitative factor for juvenile habitat use. This first attempt at modeling juvenile anadromous Arctic char habitat in rivers emphasizes the importance of selecting an appropriate spatial scale and reiterates the fact that parr showed relatively high plasticity in stream habitat selection.

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Overwinter thermal habitat use in lakes by anadromous Arctic char

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2017-0420 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (12) ◽

pp. 2343-2353 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ingeborg M. Mulder ◽

Corey J. Morris ◽

J. Brian Dempson ◽

Ian A. Fleming ◽

Michael Power

Keyword(s):

Habitat Use ◽

Water Column ◽

Prey Capture ◽

Salvelinus Alpinus ◽

Late Summer ◽

Arctic Char ◽

Foraging Efficiency ◽

Thermal Habitat ◽

Metabolic Costs ◽

Seaward Migration

Anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) migrate back to fresh water in late summer to spawn and (or) overwinter. Upon freshwater entry, feeding is reduced or absent, and movement activity is restricted. While the physiological responses to low temperatures (e.g., growth, metabolism) are understood, specifics of the use of thermal habitat for overwintering remains poorly characterized. This study used acoustic and archival telemetry data from two lakes in southern Labrador, Canada, to study thermal habitat use during the ice-covered period. Results showed that lake-dwelling anadromous Arctic char predominantly occupied a narrow range of temperatures (0.5–2 °C) and used cooler temperatures available within the middle and upper water column. Use of the selected temperatures is likely a strategy that lowers metabolic costs and minimizes energy expenditure, preserving stored lipids for overwinter survival and the energetic costs of preparation for seaward migration. As Arctic char are visual feeders, use of the upper water column is also thought to aid foraging efficiency by increasing the likelihood of prey capture.

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