Immunization of Pacific Salmon: Comparison of Intraperitoneal Injection and Hyperosmotic Infiltration of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida Bacterins

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Antipa ◽  
Donald F. Amend
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Significant Protection ◽  
Test Conditions

Two methods of immunizing fish, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and hyperosmotic infiltration, were compared for control of vibriosis and furunculosis in pen-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). Both methods provided significant protection against vibriosis under field test conditions. In coho salmon, hyperosmotic infiltration provided the best protection and fastest rise in antibody titer of seven treatments tested. In chinook salmon, hyperosmotic infiltration of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida vaccines resulted in 83.3% survival in comparison with 28.7% survival in controls. Both i.p. injection and hyperosmotic infiltration of V. anguillarum and A. salmonicida bacterins resulted in production of serum antibodies specific for each respective pathogen. Vaccination with bivalent V. anguillarum–A. salmonicida vaccines produced antibodies to both pathogens, and provided protection against vibriosis. Growth rates of vaccinated coho salmon were not significantly different from controls.

Field Testing of Injected Vibrio anguillarum Bacterins in Pen-Reared Pacific Salmon

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Antipa
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Control Group

Intraperitoneal injection of three types of Vibrio anguillarum bacterin (heat-killed, formalin-killed, and a combination of heat and formalin-killed) was tested in Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) to assess the feasibility of preventing vibriosis by immunization in commercial aquaculture. A single injection of V. anguillarum bacterin gave substantial protection to chinook salmon for 6 mo postinoculation (32% mean mortality in all injected groups) in comparison to the control group (85% mortality). Chinook salmon showed the highest survival when treated with the heat-killed V. anguillarum bacterin. All groups of coho salmon had less than 7.0% mortality, and immunization was not beneficial to survival. Serum antibody titer of V. anguillarum agglutinins was increased by intraperitoneal injection. Vibrio anguillarum was the pathogen most frequently isolated from moribund chinook salmon; Aeromonas salmonicida was the predominant organism isolated from moribund coho salmon.

Effects of Early Rearing Environment on Stress Response, Immune Function, and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook Salmon (O.tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira Salonius ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Natural Water Body

Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (0. tshawytscha) from aquaculture and wild environments were subjected to handling (30–60 s of netting and aerial emersion) and disease challenges. Plasma cortisol concentrations ([cortisol]pl) in both coho and chinook salmon from wild environments were significantly elevated 4 h after handling. Colonized coho salmon (hatchery-reared fish, transported into a natural water body as fry) responded in a similar fashion to wild fish, while those reared entirely in the hatchery showed no significant rise in [cortisol]pl. The responses to handling stress were retained in wild and colonized coho salmon after 7 mo of hatchery rearing. A transient increase in the leukocyte to red blood cell ratio in both wild and hatchery-reared chinook salmon occurred 4 h after handling. Handling signficantly decreased the antibody-producing cell (APC) number in wild fish and elevated their [cortisol]plrelative to hatchery fish. Wild fish had the highest APC number among the three groups before the handling. No difference in resistance to Vibrio anguillarum was apparent in coho and chinook salmon among the different rearing environments, although chinook salmon were generally more susceptible; disease resistance was reduced in wild coho salmon after 7 mo of rearing in a hatchery.

Two generations of outbreeding in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): effects on size and growth

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2538-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K McClelland ◽  
James M Myers ◽  
Jeffrey J Hard ◽  
Linda K Park ◽  
Kerry A Naish
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Freshwater Aquaculture ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Two Generations

Outbreeding is a potential genetic risk in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) when aquaculture practices introduce nonnative domesticated fish to wild environments, making interbreeding with wild populations possible. In this study, F1 and F2 hybrid families of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were created using a captive freshwater aquaculture strain and a locally derived hatchery population that is integrated with naturally spawning fish. Intermediate growth was detected in F1 and F2 hybrids from crosses reared in captivity; both generations had mean weight and length values between those of the parent populations after their first year (p < 0.05). In the early life history stages, maternal effects increased alevin growth in progeny of hatchery dams relative to those of captive dams (p < 0.001). Aquaculture control families showed greater growth rates than hybrids in late summer of their 1st year and in the following spring (p < 0.05), while the hatchery controls had lower growth rates during the first summer (p < 0.05). Line cross analysis indicated that changes in additive and dominance interactions, but not unfavorable epistatic interactions, likely explain the differences in weight, length, and growth rate observed in hybrids of these stocks of coho salmon.

Dispersal and productivity of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon colonizing newly accessible habitat

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Anderson ◽  
Paul L. Faulds ◽  
Karl D. Burton ◽  
Michele E. Koehler ◽  
William I. Atlas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Fishing Mortality ◽  
Fish Ladder ◽  
Accessible Habitat ◽  
Over Time

Following construction of a fish ladder at Landsburg Diversion Dam on the Cedar River, Washington, USA, in fall 2003, we used DNA-based parentage to identify second generation Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon as recruits that were produced above the dam or “strays” dispersing into the new habitat that were produced elsewhere. For both species, strays colonized immediately but decreased as a proportion of the total run over time. Chinook salmon strays were more numerous in years when the species was more abundant below the dam and included a much larger proportion of hatchery origin salmon than did coho salmon. Productivity, calculated as the ratio of female recruits sampled at the dam to female spawners, exceeded replacement in all four coho salmon cohorts but only two of five Chinook salmon cohorts, leading to more rapid population expansion of coho salmon. However, estimates of fishing mortality and recruitment into the Cedar River below the dam substantially increased Chinook salmon productivity estimates. Our results demonstrate that Pacific salmon are capable of rapidly recolonizing habitat made accessible by restoration and emphasize the importance of demographic exchange with preexisting populations during the transition from recolonization to self-sustainability.

Relation of Water Temperature to Infections of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha), and Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) with Aeromonas salmonicida and A. hydrophila

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Groberg Jr. ◽  
R. H. McCoy ◽  
K. S. Pilcher ◽  
J. L. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout

Juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) were infected by intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection with Aeromonas salmonicida or A. hydrophila at seven temperatures from 3.9 to 20.5 °C. At 3.9 and 6.7 °C, mortality in fish infected with A. salmonicida varied from 2 to 26% among the three salmonid species. At 20.5 °C 93–100% of these animals died within 2 or 3 days; at 6.7 °C or lower the fish survived for 12–23 days. Growth of A. salmonicida in vitro was influenced by temperature in a manner very similar to its influence on the in vivo infection. Comparable experiments with A. hydrophila gave results much like those with A. salmonicida, though some differences were noted. At a temperature of 20.5 °C percent mortality ranged from 64 to 100%. At 9.4 °C or below no deaths attributed to A. hydrophila occurred. Fatally infected fish died more rapidly at the higher temperatures. Key words: Aeromonas salmonicida, A. hydrophila, water temperature, furunculosis, motile aeromonas septicemia, coho salmon, chinook salmon, steelhead trout

scholarly journals Evidence for Freshwater Residualism in Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, From a Watershed on the North Coast of British Columbia

2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A Parkinson ◽  
Chris J Perrin ◽  
Daniel Ramos-Espinoza ◽  
Eric B Taylor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Seaward Migration ◽  
Mature Fish

The Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, is one of seven species of Pacific salmon and trout native to northeastern Pacific Ocean watersheds. The species is typically anadromous; adults reproduce in fresh water where juveniles reside for 1–2 years before seaward migration after which the majority of growth occurs in the ocean before maturation at 2–4 years old when adults return to fresh water to spawn. Here, we report maturation of Coho Salmon in two freshwater lakes on the north coast of British Columbia apparently without their being to sea. A total of 15 mature fish (11 males and four females) were collected in two lakes across two years. The mature fish were all at least 29 cm in total length and ranged in age from three to five years old. The occurrence of Coho Salmon that have matured in fresh water without first going to sea is exceedingly rare in their natural range, especially for females. Such mature Coho Salmon may represent residual and distinct breeding populations from those in adjacent streams. Alternatively, they may result from the ephemeral restriction in the opportunity to migrate seaward owing to low water levels in the spring when Coho Salmon typically migrate to sea after 1–2 years in fresh water. Regardless of their origin, the ability to mature in fresh water without seaward migration may represent important adaptive life history plasticity in response to variable environments.

A preliminary study of insulin participation in the growth regulation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1756-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Ludwig ◽  
David A. Higgs ◽  
Ulf H. M. Fagerlund ◽  
Jack R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Pancreatic B Cells ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

As part of an ongoing survey to identify hormones capable of stimulating growth in Pacific salmon, groups of underyearling coho salmon were injected with bovine (Ultralente) insulin (0.32, 1.0, 3.2, or 10 IU/kg body weight) into the peritoneal cavity either once or twice weekly for 70 days.All doses of insulin, when injected twice weekly, increased the values for specific growth rates and decreased those for food–gain ratios relative to solvent-injected controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. All doses of insulin caused a marked increase in the granulation of the pancreatic B cells. Plasma glucose concentrations in starved coho injected with 10 IU insulin/kg body weight were significantly lower than in solvent-injected controls 4 h after injection.It is concluded that proper evaluation of the effectiveness of insulin as a growth promoter for salmon requires further studies preferably using insulin preparations specific to teleosts.

Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Commercial Catch ◽  
Atmospheric Processes ◽  
Energy Transfers ◽  
Salmon Production ◽  
The Impact

<em>Abstract</em>.-Pacific salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp. catches are at historic high levels. It is significant that one of the world's major fisheries for a group of species that dominates the surface waters of the subarctic Pacific is actually very healthy. Natural trends in climate are now recognized to cause large fluctuations in Pacific salmon production, as shown in historical records of catch and recent changes probably have been affected by greenhouse gas induced climate changes. Pink salmon <em>O. gorbuscha </em>and chum salmon <em>O. keta </em>production and catch has increased in the past 30 years and may continue in a similar trend for for the next few decades. Coho salmon <em>O. kisutch </em>and Chinook salmon <em>O. tshawytscha </em>catches have been declining for several decades, particularly at the southern end of their range, and they may continue to decline. In the 1970s, hatcheries were considered to be a method of adding to the wild production of coho and Chinook salmon because the ocean capacity to produce these species was assumed to be underutilized. Large-scale changes in Pacific salmon abundances are linked to changes in large-scale atmospheric processes. These large-scale atmospheric processes are also linked to planetary energy transfers, and there is a decadal scale pattern to these relationships. Pacific salmon production in general is higher in decades of intense Aleutian lows than in periods of weak Aleutian lows. Key to understanding the impact of climate change on Pacific salmon is understanding how the Aleutian low will change. Chinook and coho salmon are minor species in the total commercial catch, but important socially and economically in North America. A wise use of hatcheries may be needed to maintain abundances of these species in future decades.

Influence of Bovine Growth Hormone and L-Thyroxine on Growth, Muscle Composition, and Histological Structure of the Gonads, Thyroid, Pancreas, and Pituitary of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Higgs ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Helen M. Dye ◽  
J. R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Poor Growth

Groups of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were acclimated to 10 C well water and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D. Excess ration (Oregon Moist Pellet) was presented daily. Doses of bovine growth hormone (5, 10, 20, 30, or 90 μg bGH/g body wt) and L-thyroxine (0.5, 5, or 30 μg T4/g) were administered over a period of 84 days (phase I) either by injection (via dorsal musculature or peritoneal cavity) or by hormone cholesterol implants into the muscle. Administration frequency of bGH and T4 was such (range 2 times/wk-1 time/3 wk) that fish theoretically received either 10 or 30 μg bGH/g per wk or 1 or 10 μg T4/g per wk. Control fish received either alkaline saline (pH 9.5) or a cholesterol pellet. After cessation of treatment the fish were observed for an additional 84 days (phase II). During phase I, growth rates (weight) for bGH fish (2.0–2.4% per day) and for T4 fish (0.97–1.1% per day) were significantly higher than those of control fish (0.42–0.59% per day). Among bGH fish, dorsal musculature injection (2 times/wk) was significantly more effective than intraperitoneal injection (1 time/2 wk).Increases in weight above control for bGH fish at 84 days ranged from 220 to 369%. Those for T4 fish extended from 47 to 78%. In phase II, control fish growth rates were higher (0.61–0.67% per day) than those for bGH fish (0.47–0.57% per day) and T4 fish (0.32–0.44% per day). Administration of bGH and T4 (high dose) caused a progressive decline in condition factor of fish from the control range. This trend was stopped and reversed in phase II.At 84 days, generally no significant differences were detected among groups for percentages of muscle water. However, some groups had significantly higher (bGH) and others lower (T4) percentages of muscle protein relative to those of control fish. Also, significant increases (T4) and decreases (bGH) in muscle lipid percentages were found. Hormone treatment altered the histological structure of the ovary, thyroid, exocrine (T4) and endocrine (bGH) pancreas, and somatotrop cells (T4) of the pituitary. A poor growth response was noted for two groups of coho administered bGH after acclimation to sea water.

Protandry in Pacific salmon

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Morbey
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Statistical Procedure ◽  
Timing Data ◽  
Mating Opportunities ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Specific Timing

Protandry, the earlier arrival of males to the spawning grounds than females, has been reported in several studies of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). However, the reasons for protandry in salmon are poorly understood and little is known about how protandry varies among and within populations. In this study, protandry was quantified in a total of 105 years using gender-specific timing data from seven populations (one for pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), three for coho salmon (O. kisutch), two for sockeye salmon (O. nerka), and one for chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha)). Using a novel statistical procedure, protandry was found to be significant in 90% of the years and in all populations. Protandry may be part of the males' strategy to maximize mating opportunities and may facilitate mate choice by females.

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